Alphabetical index of 2,024 research scales
This page lists every validated scale in the DrAIStudio Scale Atlas, alphabetically, with a short description and a link to the interactive entry. Use the interactive Scale Atlas for filtering by decade, reliability, journal, author, and more.
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2×2 Achievement Goals (Elliot & Murayama)
A 12-item measure of four achievement-goal orientations crossed by valence (approach/avoid) and definition (mastery/performance): mastery-approach, mastery-avoid, performance-approach, performance-avoid.
Source: Elliot, A. J., & Murayama, K. (2008): On the measurement of achievement goals: Critique, illustration, and application. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 100, No. 3, pp. 613–628.
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A brief measure of dark personality traits (SD3)
Apart from the many normal personality traits, some traits are unpleasant for others. There are three overlapping types of dark personality traits known as the dark triad . The triad (i.e., group of three) consists of machivellianism, psych…
Source: Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21, 28-41. | Website with original scale in Word format. Click here to download .
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A clinically useful depression outcome scale (CUDOS)
There is a variety of rating scales for symptoms of depression , and the Clinically Useful Depression Outcome Scale (CUDOS) is one of them. One of the advantages of CUDOS over the well known Beck depression inventory (BDI) is that this one …
Source: PsyToolkit survey library page with background, links, and references.
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Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale (AMAS)
Mathematics anxiety is a negative emotion associated to mathematics related activities, such as mathematics homework. Mathematics anxiety is related to poorer mathematics performance. The subject mathematics anxiety has been studied since t…
Source: D.R. Hopko, R. Mahadevan, R.L. Bare, & Melassa K. Hunt. (2003). The Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale (AMAS): Construction, Validity, and Reliability. Assessment, 10 , 178-182. | F.C. Richardson and R.M. Suinn (1972). Mathematics anxiety rating scale - psychometric data. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 6 , 551.
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Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale (AMAS)
A 9-item measure of math anxiety with two subscales: learning math anxiety and math evaluation anxiety. Validated in school and college populations.
Source: Hopko, D. R., Mahadevan, R., Bare, R. L., & Hunt, M. K. (2003): The Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale (AMAS): Construction, validity, and reliability. Assessment, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 178–182.
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Abbreviated Self-Leadership Questionnaire (ASLQ, Houghton, Dawley & DiLiello)
A 9-item brief measure of self-leadership covering the core strategies in three domains: behaviour-focused, natural reward, and constructive thought. Validated in management and entrepreneurship samples.
Source: Houghton, J. D., Dawley, D., & DiLiello, T. C. (2012): The Abbreviated Self-Leadership Questionnaire (ASLQ): A more concise measure of self-leadership. International Journal of Leadership Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 216–232.
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Ability
Three facets of trustworthiness were measured based on scales designed by Mayer/Davis (1999) to assess the ability, benevolence, and integrity of a supervisor. The Likert-type scale ranged from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Source: Colquitt/Rodell (2011): Justice, trust, and trustworthiness: A longitudinal analysis integrating three theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 1183–1206
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Ability
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Benevolence entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Benevolence. Verify the original source before field use.
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Absenteeism Voluntary / Involuntary
Self-report or archival measures distinguishing voluntary absence (motivational) from involuntary absence (illness, family duties). Items typically request day-counts over a defined window.
Source: Steel, R. P. (2003): Methodological and operational issues in the construction of absence variables. Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 243–251.
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Absorptive Capacity (Zahra & George)
A multi-item measure of absorptive capacity across four facets: acquisition, assimilation, transformation, and exploitation of external knowledge.
Source: Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002): Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 185–203.
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Abusive Supervision (Tepper)
A 15-item measure of subordinates' perceptions of the extent to which supervisors engage in sustained display of hostile verbal and non-verbal behaviours, excluding physical contact. The single dominant measure of supervisor mistreatment in…
Source: Tepper, B. J. (2000): Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 178–190.
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Academic AI Use Ethics
A multi-item measure of student attitudes toward ethical use of AI in academic work — disclosure, original thought, plagiarism boundaries, and instructor permission.
Source: Cotton, D. R. E., Cotton, P. A., & Shipway, J. R. (2024): Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 228–239.
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Academic Burnout (MBI-SS, Schaufeli et al.)
A 15-item Maslach Burnout Inventory–Student Survey covering exhaustion (5), cynicism (4), and reduced academic efficacy (6). The student counterpart to MBI-GS for general worker populations.
Source: Schaufeli, W. B., Martínez, I. M., Pinto, A. M., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002): Burnout and engagement in university students: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 464–481.
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Academic Counterproductive Behaviour
A multi-item measure of counterproductive behaviour in academic contexts — copying assignments, faking data, plagiarizing, and avoiding effort.
Source: Lucas, G. M., & Friedrich, J. (2005): Individual differences in workplace deviance and integrity as predictors of academic dishonesty. Ethics & Behavior, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 15–35.
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Academic Engagement (UWES-S, Schaufeli et al.)
A 14-item (or 9-item short form, UWES-9-S) measure of student engagement in academic work, paralleling the work-engagement UWES. Three dimensions: vigor, dedication, and absorption.
Source: Schaufeli, W. B., Martínez, I. M., Pinto, A. M., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002): Burnout and engagement in university students: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 464–481.
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Academic Motivation Scale (AMS-28, Vallerand et al.)
A 28-item measure of seven motivational orientations from Self-Determination Theory: three intrinsic motivations (to know, to accomplish, to experience stimulation), three extrinsic (identified, introjected, external regulation), and amotiv…
Source: Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier, L. G., Blais, M. R., Brière, N. M., Senécal, C., & Vallières, E. F. (1992): The Academic Motivation Scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in education. Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 1003–1017.
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Academic Procrastination Scale (APS-S, McCloskey)
A 25-item measure of academic procrastination — voluntary, irrational delay of academic tasks despite knowing the negative consequences. Captures behavioural, motivational, and affective components.
Source: McCloskey, J. D. (2011): Finally, my thesis on academic procrastination [Master's thesis]. University of Texas at Arlington.
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Academic Self-Efficacy (Chemers, Hu & Garcia)
An 8-item measure of academic self-efficacy — confidence in handling academic tasks and challenges. Predicts GPA and persistence.
Source: Chemers, M. M., Hu, L., & Garcia, B. F. (2001): Academic self-efficacy and first year college student performance and adjustment. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 93, No. 1, pp. 55–64.
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Academic Stress Scale (Sun, Dunne, Hou & Xu)
A 16-item measure of academic stress in students across five sources: study pressure, workload, worry about grades, self-expectation, and despondency.
Source: Sun, J., Dunne, M. P., Hou, X. Y., & Xu, A. Q. (2011): Educational stress scale for adolescents: Development, validity, and reliability with Chinese students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 534–546.
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Acceptance of AI in Healthcare
A multi-item measure of patient and clinician acceptance of AI in clinical decision-making, diagnosis, and treatment recommendations.
Source: Khanijahani, A., Iezadi, S., Dudley, S., Goettler, M., Kroetsch, P., & Wise, J. (2022): Organizational, professional, and patient characteristics associated with artificial intelligence adoption in healthcare: A systematic review. Health Policy and Technology, Vol. 11, No. 1, Article 100602.
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Accountability
A multidimensional measure of feedback orientation is developed and validated. This feedback orientation scale (FOS) was developed and refined using two pilot studies and two focal studies. Across these studies, substantial support was foun…
Source: Linderbaum/Levy (2010): The Development and Validation of the Feedback Orientation Scale (FOS). Journal of Management, Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 1372-1405.
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Accountability
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Social awareness entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Social awareness. Verify the original source before field use.
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Achievement Motivation Scale (AMS, Cassidy & Lynn)
A 49-item measure of seven facets of achievement motivation: work ethic, acquisitiveness, dominance, excellence, competitiveness, status aspiration, and mastery.
Source: Cassidy, T., & Lynn, R. (1989): A multifactorial approach to achievement motivation: The development of a comprehensive measure. Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 301–312.
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Achievement orientation
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Atuahene-Gima/Li (2002): When does trust matter? Antecedents and contingent effects of supervisee trust on performance in selling new products in China and the United States. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 61-81. Adapted from Oliver/Anderson (1994).
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Achievement-striving (6FPQ: IT1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Achievement-striving" and target/key label "6FPQ: IT1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Achievement-striving (HPI: Competitive HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Achievement-striving" and target/key label "HPI: Competitive HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Achievement-striving (MPQ: AC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Achievement-striving" and target/key label "MPQ: AC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Achievement-striving (NEO: C4))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Achievement-striving" and target/key label "NEO: C4)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Achievement-striving (TCI: P3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Achievement-striving" and target/key label "TCI: P3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Acquiring tacit knowledge through offshore outsourcing
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Li et al. (2008): Transformational offshore outsourcing: Empirical evidence from alliances in China. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 257-274.
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Activity-level (JPI: Enl))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Activity-level" and target/key label "JPI: Enl)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Activity-level (NEO: E4))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Activity-level" and target/key label "NEO: E4)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Adaptability (6FPQ: AG3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Adaptability" and target/key label "6FPQ: AG3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Adaptive Leadership (Northouse)
A 30-item measure of adaptive leadership behaviours — getting on the balcony, identifying the adaptive challenge, regulating distress, maintaining disciplined attention, giving the work back to the people, and protecting voices of leadershi…
Source: Northouse, P. G. (2018): Leadership: Theory and practice (8th ed.). Sage.
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Adaptive Performance (Pulakos, Arad, Donovan & Plamondon)
A multi-dimensional measure of adaptive performance covering eight facets: handling emergencies, work stress, problem-solving creatively, dealing with uncertainty, learning new tasks/technologies, interpersonal adaptability, cultural adapta…
Source: Pulakos, E. D., Arad, S., Donovan, M. A., & Plamondon, K. E. (2000): Adaptability in the workplace: Development of a taxonomy of adaptive performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 612–624.
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ADHD (ADHD: Span, et al., 2002))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "ADHD" and target/key label "ADHD: Span, et al., 2002)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common mental health issue. At least in the UK, most people will have heard of ADHD. The ASRS was developed by resarchers, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Workgroup on Adult …
Source: Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, Demler O, Faraone S, Hiripi E, Howes MJ, Jin R, Secnik K, Spencer T, Ustun TB, Walters EE (2005). The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol Medince , ,35(2), 245-56. Link to paper | Barack, D.L. and colleagues (2024). Attention deficits linked with proclivity to explore while foraging. Proceedings of the Royal Society B - Biological Sciences . Link to article | John F. Shelley-Tremblay & Lee A. Rosén (1996) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: An Evolutionary Perspective, The Journal of Genetic Psychology , 157:4, 443-453, DOI: 10.1080/00221325.1996.9914877 | Honkasilta, J. & Koutsoklenis, A. (2022). The (Un)real Existence of ADHD—Criteria, Functions, and Forms of the Diagnostic Entity. Frontiers in Sociology . Read for free .
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Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1)
An 18-item screener for adult ADHD developed with the WHO. Six-item Part A is the validated short screener.
Source: Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Ames, M., Demler, O., Faraone, S., Hiripi, E., et al. (2005): The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). Psychological Medicine, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 245–256.
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Adult Hope Scale (Snyder)
A 12-item measure of trait hope across two subscales: pathways thinking (the perceived ability to find routes to goals) and agency thinking (the motivation to use those routes).
Source: Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., Yoshinobu, L., Gibb, J., Langelle, C., & Harney, P. (1991): The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 570–585.
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Advanced manufacturing technology: administrative
Research has identified three broad categories of advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT): design, manufacturing, and administrative. The measures presented here, based on the initial categorization of Adler (1988), have been used in a va…
Source: Boyer/Pagell (2000): Measurement issues in empirical research: improving measures of operations strategy and advanced manufacturing technology. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 361-374.
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Advanced manufacturing technology: design
Research has identified three broad categories of advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT): design, manufacturing, and administrative. The measures presented here, based on the initial categorization of Adler (1988), have been used in a va…
Source: Boyer/Pagell (2000): Measurement issues in empirical research: improving measures of operations strategy and advanced manufacturing technology. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 361-374.
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Advanced manufacturing technology: manufacturing
Research has identified three broad categories of advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT): design, manufacturing, and administrative. The measures presented here, based on the initial categorization of Adler (1988), have been used in a va…
Source: Boyer/Pagell (2000): Measurement issues in empirical research: improving measures of operations strategy and advanced manufacturing technology. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 361-374.
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Adventurousness (6FPQ: OP1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Adventurousness" and target/key label "6FPQ: OP1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Adventurousness (CPI: Sp))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Adventurousness" and target/key label "CPI: Sp)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Adventurousness (NEO: O4))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Adventurousness" and target/key label "NEO: O4)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Adventurousness (ORVIS: Adventure))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Adventurousness" and target/key label "ORVIS: Adventure)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Advocacy participation
The authors reconceptualize organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in terms of civic citizenship and propose a new OCB measurement. It uses five categories of citizenship: loyalty, obedience, social participation, advocacy participation,…
Source: Van Dyne, Graham & Dienesch (1994): Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Construct Redefinition, Measurement, and Validation. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 765–802
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Advocacy participation
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Social participation entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Social participation. Verify the original source before field use.
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Aesthetic Appreciation/Artistic Interests (BFAS: Openness))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Aesthetic Appreciation/Artistic Interests" and target/key label "BFAS: Openness)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Aesthetic Appreciation/Artistic Interests (HEX: O-AesA))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Aesthetic Appreciation/Artistic Interests" and target/key label "HEX: O-AesA)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Aesthetic Appreciation/Artistic Interests (HPI: Culture HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Aesthetic Appreciation/Artistic Interests" and target/key label "HPI: Culture HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Aesthetic Appreciation/Artistic Interests (NEO: O2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Aesthetic Appreciation/Artistic Interests" and target/key label "NEO: O2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Aesthetic Appreciation/Artistic Interests (VIA: App))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Aesthetic Appreciation/Artistic Interests" and target/key label "VIA: App)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Affect
It was aimed to measure Leader-Member Exchange (LMX). Therefore a multidimensional measure was developed and validated. Item analysis involving 302 working students, followed by construct and criterion-related validation using 249 employees…
Source: Liden/Maslyn (1998): Multidimensionafity of Leader-Member Exchange: An Empirical Assessment through Scale Development. Journal of Management, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 43-72.
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Affect Intensity Measure (AIM, Larsen)
A 40-item measure of affect intensity — the typical strength of emotional responses regardless of valence. People who score high feel both highs and lows more intensely.
Source: Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1987): Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review. Journal of Research in Personality, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 1–39.
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Affective Commitment 6-item (Meyer Allen Smith)
A 6-item subscale of TCM measuring affective commitment — emotional attachment to the organization. Most cited commitment subscale.
Source: Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993): Commitment to organizations and occupations. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 78, No. 4, pp. 538–551.
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Affective Lability (CAT-PD: Affective Lability))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Affective Lability" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Affective Lability)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Affective Organizational Commitment (Meyer & Allen)
A 6- or 8-item measure of an employee's emotional attachment to, identification with, and involvement in the organization — one of three components in Meyer & Allen's three-component model (affective, continuance, normative). Used in thousa…
Source: Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991): A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 61–89.
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Aggressive behavior scale (for adolescents)
Aggression among school children is a commonly studied and discussed top in the media. One way to measure aggressive behavior at school is the aggression scale developed by Pamela Orpinas and Ralph Frankowski (2001) .
Source: Orpinas, P., and Frankowski, R. (2001). The Aggression Scale: A Self-Report Measure of Aggressive Behavior for Young Adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 21 , 50-67. | Isen, J.D., McGue, M.K., and Iacono, W.G. (2015). Aggressive-antisocial boys develop into physically strong young men. Psychological Science, in press, but online .
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Agility
Two dimensions of resilience were identified: agility and robustness.
Source: Wieland/Wallenburg (2013): The Influence of Relational Competencies on Supply Chain Resilience: A Relational View. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 300-320. Adapted from Swafford et al. (2006).
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Agility
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Organizational resilience entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Organizational resilience. Verify the original source before field use.
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Agreeableness (6FPQ: AG))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Agreeableness" and target/key label "6FPQ: AG)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Agreeableness (BFAS: Agreeableness))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Agreeableness" and target/key label "BFAS: Agreeableness)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Agreeableness (Big-7: 525))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Agreeableness" and target/key label "Big-7: 525)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Agreeableness (Big-Five Domain))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Agreeableness" and target/key label "Big-Five Domain)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Agreeableness (NEO Domain))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Agreeableness" and target/key label "NEO Domain)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Agreement on vision and goals
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Min/Mentzer (2004): Developing and measuring supply chain management concepts. Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 63-99.
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AI Acceptance / Adoption Intention (post-2020)
A short multi-item measure of an individual's intention to use AI tools at work, anchored in UTAUT and recent AI-specific extensions. Captures performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and trust in AI as antecedents to be…
Source: Kelly, S., Kaye, S.-A., & Oviedo-Trespalacios, O. (2023): What factors contribute to the acceptance of artificial intelligence? A systematic review. Telematics and Informatics, Vol. 77, Article 101925.
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AI Accountability Attribution
A multi-item measure of how users attribute responsibility for AI outcomes — to the AI itself, the developer, the user, or the deploying organization. Captures the moral responsibility-gap problem.
Source: Constantinescu, M., Voinea, C., Uszkai, R., & Vică, C. (2022): Understanding responsibility in responsible AI: Dianoetic virtues and the hard problem of context. Ethics and Information Technology, Vol. 23, pp. 803–814.
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AI Agent Autonomy Preference
A multi-item measure of user preference for AI agent autonomy — from fully manual (user controls each step) to fully autonomous (AI acts independently).
Source: Roesler, E., Manzey, D., & Onnasch, L. (2021): A meta-analysis on the effectiveness of anthropomorphism in human-robot interaction. Science Robotics, Vol. 6, No. 58, Article eabj5425.
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AI as Study Tool Intention
A multi-item measure of student intention to use AI as a study tool — for explanation, summarization, practice questions, and concept-checking.
Source: Chan, C. K. Y., & Zhou, W. (2023): An expectancy value theory (EVT) based instrument for measuring student perceptions of generative AI. Smart Learning Environments, Vol. 10, Article 64.
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AI Bias Awareness
A multi-item measure of awareness that AI systems can perpetuate or amplify human biases — including racial, gender, and socioeconomic bias in training data and outputs.
Source: Buolamwini, J., & Gebru, T. (2018): Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification. Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency, pp. 77–91.
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AI Co-Pilot Acceptance
A multi-item measure of acceptance of AI as a 'co-pilot' that augments rather than replaces human work — including in coding, writing, and decision-making.
Source: Peng, S., Kalliamvakou, E., Cihon, P., & Demirer, M. (2023): The impact of AI on developer productivity: Evidence from GitHub Copilot. arXiv:2302.06590.
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AI Cognitive Offloading
A multi-item measure of the extent to which users offload cognitive work to AI tools — calculations, recall, reasoning, decision-making. Tied to the extended-mind hypothesis.
Source: Risko, E. F., & Gilbert, S. J. (2016): Cognitive offloading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 9, pp. 676–688.
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AI Conversational Quality
A multi-item measure of perceived quality of AI conversational interactions — fluency, coherence, helpfulness, and naturalness.
Source: Liu, B. (2024): Measuring users' perceptions of conversational AI quality: Development of a multi-item scale. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Vol. 184, Article 103212.
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AI Creativity Attribution
A multi-item measure of how users attribute creative credit when working with AI — to themselves, the AI, or shared. Captures the new question of authorship in human–AI collaboration.
Source: Magni, F., Park, J., & Chao, M. M. (2024): Humans as creativity gatekeepers: Are we biased against AI creativity? Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 643–656.
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AI Customer Service Acceptance
A multi-item measure of consumer acceptance of AI customer-service agents (chatbots, voice assistants), including preferred channel, trust, and satisfaction.
Source: Adam, M., Wessel, M., & Benlian, A. (2021): AI-based chatbots in customer service and their effects on user compliance. Electronic Markets, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 427–445.
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AI Delegation Behaviour
A multi-item measure of the extent to which employees delegate work tasks to AI systems rather than doing them personally. Captures the new agentic dimension of human–AI work.
Source: Bauer, K., Hinz, O., van der Aalst, W., & Weinhardt, C. (2021): Expl(AI)ned: The impact of explainable artificial intelligence on cognitive processes. International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 60, Article 102370.
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AI Displacement Worry
A multi-item measure of worry that AI will displace one's specific role or tasks, distinct from generic job insecurity. Includes role-relevance, time horizon, and reskilling intention.
Source: Schwabe, H., & Castellacci, F. (2020): Automation, workers' skills and job satisfaction. PLOS ONE, Vol. 15, No. 11, Article e0242929.
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AI Ethical Concerns
A multidimensional measure of perceived ethical concerns about AI systems, including bias and discrimination, privacy, accountability, transparency, and societal harm. Validated across organizational and consumer samples and used widely in …
Source: Stahl, B. C., Antoniou, J., Bhalla, N., Brooks, L., Jansen, P., Lindqvist, B., Kirichenko, A., Marchal, S., Rodrigues, R., Santiago, N., Warso, Z., & Wright, D. (2023): A systematic review of artificial intelligence impact assessments. AI and Ethics, Vol. 3, pp. 175–197.
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AI Existential-Risk Concern
A multi-item measure of concern about long-term existential or catastrophic risks from advanced AI — including loss of human control, misalignment, and societal disruption.
Source: Bostrom, N. (2014): Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford University Press.
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AI Hype Perceptions
A multi-item measure of perceptions that AI is over-hyped — that public claims about AI's capabilities exceed its actual ability. Useful in technology-attitudes research.
Source: Sundar, S. S., Liao, M., & Liang, J. (2023): Artificial intelligence in the public arena. Journal of Communication, Vol. 73, No. 5, pp. 419–429.
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AI Identity Threat
A multi-item measure of the perceived threat to professional identity and self-worth posed by AI's capability to perform tasks central to one's occupation. Captures symbolic threat distinct from material job loss and predicts defensive resp…
Source: Mirbabaie, M., Brünker, F., Möllmann, N. R. J., & Stieglitz, S. (2022): The rise of artificial intelligence — understanding the AI identity threat at the workplace. Electronic Markets, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 73–99.
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AI Leadership / E-Leadership in AI Contexts
A multi-item measure of leader behaviours that effectively integrate AI into team work — including AI vision-setting, fostering AI literacy, modelling responsible AI use, and supporting employees' AI-related learning. Builds on transformati…
Source: Kelloway, E. K., & Barling, J. (2024): Leadership in the age of artificial intelligence. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, Vol. 11, pp. 281–305.
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AI Learning Self-Efficacy
A multi-item measure of student confidence in using AI tools to support their learning — including question generation, summarization, and self-quizzing.
Source: Chiu, T. K. F., Xia, Q., Zhou, X., Chai, C. S., & Cheng, M. (2023): Systematic literature review on opportunities, challenges, and future research recommendations of artificial intelligence in education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 4, Article 100118.
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AI Literacy for Higher Education (Ng 2024)
A multi-item measure of AI literacy in higher education focused on four competencies: know and understand AI, apply AI, evaluate and create AI, and AI ethics.
Source: Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Chu, S. K. W., & Qiao, M. S. (2024): Conceptualizing AI literacy: An exploratory review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 6, Article 100204.
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AI Literacy Scale (Wang, Rau & Yuan)
A 12-item, four-dimensional measure of AI literacy comprising awareness, usage, evaluation, and ethics of AI. Developed and validated in two large samples (N1 = 425, N2 = 481), the AILS shows strong reliability, factor validity, and predict…
Source: Wang, B., Rau, P.-L. P., & Yuan, T. (2023): Measuring user competence in using artificial intelligence: Validity and reliability of artificial intelligence literacy scale. Behaviour & Information Technology, Vol. 42, No. 9, pp. 1324–1337.
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AI Misinformation Concern
A multi-item measure of concern that AI is increasing the prevalence of misinformation online — through deepfakes, AI-generated text, and synthetic media at scale.
Source: Goldstein, J. A., Sastry, G., Musser, M., DiResta, R., Gentzel, M., & Sedova, K. (2023): Generative language models and automated influence operations. Stanford Internet Observatory.
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AI Mistrust (general)
A multi-item measure of generalized mistrust of AI — belief that AI cannot be relied upon and may cause harm.
Source: Glikson, E., & Woolley, A. W. (2020): Human trust in artificial intelligence: Review of empirical research. Academy of Management Annals, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 627–660.
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AI Output Evaluation Skill
A multi-item measure of an individual's skill in critically evaluating AI-generated outputs — verifying accuracy, identifying hallucinations, and detecting biased framing.
Source: Ji, Z., Lee, N., Frieske, R., Yu, T., Su, D., Xu, Y., Ishii, E., Bang, Y., Madotto, A., & Fung, P. (2023): Survey of hallucination in natural language generation. ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 55, No. 12, Article 248.
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AI Over-Reliance / Dependence
A multi-item measure of the extent to which a user accepts AI outputs without sufficient verification, reflecting unhealthy dependence on AI for cognitive tasks. Captures the dark side of AI assistance — atrophy of independent judgement and…
Source: Passi, S., & Vorvoreanu, M. (2022): Overreliance on AI: Literature review. Microsoft Research Report MSR-TR-2022-12.
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AI Performance Management Acceptance
A multi-item measure of employee acceptance of AI-assisted performance management — automated goal-tracking, AI-generated feedback, and algorithmic performance ratings.
Source: Tursunbayeva, A., Pagliari, C., Di Lauro, S., & Antonelli, G. (2022): The ethics of people analytics: Risks, opportunities and recommendations. Personnel Review, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 900–921.
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AI Prompting Skill
A multi-item measure of an individual's skill in crafting effective prompts for large language models — including specificity, context-setting, role assignment, and iterative refinement.
Source: Lee, U., Han, A., Lee, J., Lee, E., Kim, J., Kim, H., & Lim, C. (2024): Prompt aloud!: Incorporating image-generative AI into STEAM class with learning analytics using prompt data. Education and Information Technologies, Vol. 29, No. 8, pp. 9575–9605.
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AI Selection Procedural Justice
An adaptation of selection-procedural-justice items to AI-driven selection — capturing perceptions of fairness, opportunity to perform, two-way communication, and consistency in AI-mediated hiring.
Source: Langer, M., König, C. J., & Hemsing, V. (2020): Is anybody listening? The impact of automatically evaluated job interviews on impression management and applicant reactions. Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 271–284.
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AI Self-Efficacy
A 9-item measure of an individual's confidence in their capability to use AI tools and technologies to accomplish work tasks, adapted from Bandura's self-efficacy theory and Compeau & Higgins's computer self-efficacy. Predicts AI use intent…
Source: Wang, Y.-Y., & Chuang, Y.-W. (2024): Artificial intelligence self-efficacy: Scale development and validation. Education and Information Technologies, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 4785–4808.
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AI Strategy Alignment
A multi-item measure of the alignment between an organization's AI initiatives and its overall strategy. Captures whether AI is treated as a strategic capability rather than a technology project.
Source: Mikalef, P., & Gupta, M. (2021): Artificial intelligence capability: Conceptualization, measurement calibration, and empirical study on its impact on organizational creativity and firm performance. Information & Management, Vol. 58, No. 3, Article 103434.
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AI Tool Switching Intention
A multi-item measure of intention to switch between AI providers — e.g., from ChatGPT to Claude or Gemini. Useful in AI-platform-competition research.
Source: Bhattacherjee, A. (2001): Understanding information systems continuance: An expectation-confirmation model. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 351–370.
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AI Tool Use Frequency
A multi-item measure capturing frequency, breadth, and depth of generative-AI tool use at work. Captures both extensive (number of tools) and intensive (hours per week) AI use.
Source: Brynjolfsson, E., Li, D., & Raymond, L. R. (2023): Generative AI at work. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 31161.
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AI Transparency Satisfaction
A multi-item measure of user satisfaction with AI transparency — clarity about how the AI works, what data it uses, and how decisions are made.
Source: Liao, Q. V., Gruen, D., & Miller, S. (2020): Questioning the AI: Informing design practices for explainable AI user experiences. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Article 463.
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AI Trust Calibration
A multi-item measure of how well a user's trust in AI matches the AI's actual reliability — including over-trust (trust higher than reliability) and under-trust (trust lower than reliability).
Source: Bansal, G., Wu, T., Zhou, J., Fok, R., Nushi, B., Kamar, E., Ribeiro, M. T., & Weld, D. (2021): Does the whole exceed its parts? The effect of AI explanations on complementary team performance. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Article 81.
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AI Uncanniness Perception
A multi-item measure of the eerie discomfort when AI agents (avatars, chatbots, deepfakes) appear almost — but not quite — human. Anchored in Mori's uncanny valley.
Source: Stein, J.-P., & Ohler, P. (2017): Venturing into the uncanny valley of mind — the influence of mind attribution on the acceptance of human-like characters in a virtual reality setting. Cognition, Vol. 160, pp. 43–50.
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AI Use Disclosure Intention
A multi-item measure of intention to disclose one's use of AI tools when producing work outputs (papers, code, reports). Captures the new transparency norm of AI-assisted work.
Source: Bender, E. M., Gebru, T., McMillan-Major, A., & Shmitchell, S. (2021): On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big? Proceedings of FAccT 2021, pp. 610–623.
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AI Work-Meaning Erosion
A multi-item measure of perceived erosion of meaning at work due to AI — that AI is taking over the parts of one's job that gave it purpose and significance.
Source: Bankins, S., Ocampo, A. C., Marrone, M., Restubog, S. L. D., & Woo, S. E. (2024): A multilevel review of artificial intelligence in organizations: Implications for organizational behavior research and practice. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 159–182.
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AI Workplace Policy Clarity
A multi-item measure of perceived clarity of an organization's AI-use policies — including which tools are allowed, what data can be input, and what disclosure is required.
Source: Mikalef, P., Conboy, K., Lundström, J. E., & Popovič, A. (2022): Thinking responsibly about responsible AI and 'the dark side' of AI. European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 257–268.
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AI Writing Assistance Use
A multi-item measure of how individuals use AI to assist with writing — drafting, editing, proofreading, paraphrasing, and translating.
Source: Yeo, M. A. (2023): Academic integrity in the age of artificial intelligence (AI) authoring apps. TESOL Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3, Article e716.
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AI-Augmented Decision Quality
A multi-item measure of perceived quality of decisions made with AI assistance — accuracy, speed, justifiability, and confidence.
Source: Lebovitz, S., Lifshitz-Assaf, H., & Levina, N. (2022): To engage or not to engage with AI for critical judgments: How professionals deal with opacity when using AI for medical diagnosis. Organization Science, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 126–148.
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AI-Augmented Eudaimonic Work Experience
A multi-item measure of the extent to which AI use at work supports eudaimonic outcomes — meaning, growth, and self-actualization — rather than just hedonic productivity.
Source: Tang, P. M., Koopman, J., Mai, K. M., De Cremer, D., Zhang, J. H., Reynders, P., Ng, C. T. S., & Chen, I.-H. (2023): No person is an island: Unpacking the work and after-work consequences of interacting with artificial intelligence. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 108, No. 11, pp. 1766–1789.
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AI-Augmented Job Performance
An 8-item self- and supervisor-rated measure of the extent to which AI tools improve an employee's task performance, decision quality, and creative output. Developed for human–AI collaboration research and treats AI as a complement to, rath…
Source: Dell'Acqua, F., McFowland, E., Mollick, E. R., Lifshitz-Assaf, H., Kellogg, K., Rajendran, S., Krayer, L., Candelon, F., & Lakhani, K. R. (2023): Navigating the jagged technological frontier: Field experimental evidence of the effects of AI on knowledge worker productivity and quality. Harvard Business School Working Paper 24-013.
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AI-Driven Innovation Behaviour
A multi-item measure of an employee's use of AI to drive innovation at work — generating new ideas, prototyping, and refining concepts using AI tools.
Source: Lou, B., Lu, Y., Lu, Y., & Zhao, S. (2024): Generative AI and innovation: How AI tools augment knowledge worker creativity. Information Systems Research (forthcoming).
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AI-Induced Hopelessness
A multi-item measure of hopelessness arising from rapid AI advancement — feelings that one's career and skills cannot keep up with the pace of change. Distinct from generic hopelessness.
Source: Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2020): Robots and jobs: Evidence from US labor markets. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 128, No. 6, pp. 2188–2244.
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AI-Induced Job Insecurity (FARO)
A multi-item measure of the perceived threat of losing one's job, tasks, or status to AI and intelligent automation. Distinct from generic job insecurity (De Witte) because the source of threat is specifically AI/automation. Predicts AI res…
Source: Lingmont, D. N. J., & Alexiou, A. (2020): The contingent effect of job automating technology awareness on perceived job insecurity: Exploring the moderating role of organizational culture. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 161, Article 120302.
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AI-Induced Skill Atrophy Concern
A multi-item measure of concern that reliance on AI tools is eroding one's own skills and abilities. Important in cognitive-offloading and learning research.
Source: Gerlich, M. (2025): AI tools in society: Impacts on cognitive offloading and the future of critical thinking. Societies, Vol. 15, No. 1, Article 6.
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AI-Mediated Loneliness
A multi-item measure of loneliness despite, or because of, frequent AI interaction. Captures whether AI companionship substitutes for or undermines human social contact.
Source: Maples, B., Cerit, M., Vishwanath, A., & Pea, R. (2024): Loneliness and suicide mitigation for students using GPT3-enabled chatbots. NPJ Mental Health Research, Vol. 3, Article 4.
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Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)
A 10-item WHO screening instrument for hazardous and harmful alcohol use. Score ≥ 8 indicates risky drinking. AUDIT-C is a 3-item ultra-short consumption-focused version.
Source: Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., De La Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993): Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Addiction, Vol. 88, No. 6, pp. 791–804.
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Algorithm Aversion / Appreciation
A multi-item measure of the tendency to discount algorithmic advice in favour of human advice (aversion) or to overweight algorithmic advice (appreciation). Operationalized through preference items and behavioural weight-of-advice measures.…
Source: Dietvorst, B. J., Simmons, J. P., & Massey, C. (2015): Algorithm aversion: People erroneously avoid algorithms after seeing them err. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol. 144, No. 1, pp. 114–126.
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Algorithmic HRM Acceptance
A multi-item measure of employees' acceptance of HR decisions made by algorithms or AI (e.g., hiring, promotion, performance evaluation, scheduling, compensation). Captures perceived appropriateness, fairness, and willingness to comply with…
Source: Meijerink, J., Boons, M., Keegan, A., & Marler, J. (2021): Algorithmic human resource management: Synthesizing developments and cross-disciplinary insights on digital HRM. International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 32, No. 12, pp. 2545–2562.
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Algorithmic Management Perceptions
A multi-item measure of employees' perceptions of being managed by algorithms across decision-making domains (assignment, evaluation, discipline). Captures algorithmic control, transparency, and fairness perceptions, which are central to gi…
Source: Wood, A. J., Graham, M., Lehdonvirta, V., & Hjorth, I. (2019): Good gig, bad gig: Autonomy and algorithmic control in the global gig economy. Work, Employment and Society, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 56–75.
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Algorithmic Recruitment Acceptance
A multi-item measure of applicant and HR-manager acceptance of algorithmic recruitment tools, including resume screening, video interview analysis, and gamified assessments.
Source: Mirowska, A., & Mesnet, L. (2022): Preferring the devil you know: Potential applicants' affective reactions to artificial intelligence screening of job applications. Human Resource Management Journal, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 364–383.
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Alliance performance
To measure the construct, the authors relied on scale items previously used by Geringer & Herbert (1991), Kale et al. (2002), and Saxton (1997).
Source: Krishnan et al. (2006): When Does Trust Matter To Alliance Performance? The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 894–917.
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Alliance performance
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Common benefit entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Common benefit. Verify the original source before field use.
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Alliance portfolio coordination
An alliance management capability measure was conceptualized and operationalized. It is reflected by five underlying routines: interorganizational coordination, alliance portfolio coordination, interorganizational learning, alliance proacti…
Source: Schilke/Goerzen (2010): Alliance Management Capability: An Investigation of the Construct and Its Measurement, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 1192–1219.
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Alliance portfolio performance
Alliance portfolio performance was defined in terms of performance satisfaction and perceived goal fulfillment of the business unit’s R&D alliances.
Source: Schilke/Goerzen (2010): Alliance Management Capability: An Investigation of the Construct and Its Measurement, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 1192–1219.
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Alliance proactiveness
An alliance management capability measure was conceptualized and operationalized. It is reflected by five underlying routines: interorganizational coordination, alliance portfolio coordination, interorganizational learning, alliance proacti…
Source: Schilke/Goerzen (2010): Alliance Management Capability: An Investigation of the Construct and Its Measurement, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 1192–1219.
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Alliance structures
Alliance structures are defined as organizational units dedicated primarily to the management of strategic alliances.
Source: Schilke/Goerzen (2010): Alliance Management Capability: An Investigation of the Construct and Its Measurement, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 1192–1219.
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Alliance transformation
An alliance management capability measure was conceptualized and operationalized. It is reflected by five underlying routines: interorganizational coordination, alliance portfolio coordination, interorganizational learning, alliance proacti…
Source: Schilke/Goerzen (2010): Alliance Management Capability: An Investigation of the Construct and Its Measurement, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 1192–1219.
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Altruism (NEO: A3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Altruism" and target/key label "NEO: A3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Altruism (ORVIS: Altruism))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Altruism" and target/key label "ORVIS: Altruism)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Ambidexterity
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: See the Wikibooks scale page for source and notes.
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Ambiguity intolerance
Hofstede's five cultural factors are reconceptualized as ten personal cultural orientations: independence, interdependence, power, social inequality, masculinity, gender equality, risk aversion, ambiguity intolerance, tradition, and prudenc…
Source: Sharma (2010): Measuring Personal Cultural Orientations: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 787–806
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Ambition/Drive (BAS-Drive: Carver & White, 1994))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Ambition/Drive" and target/key label "BAS-Drive: Carver & White, 1994)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI)
A 22-item measure of two complementary forms of sexism: hostile (antagonism toward women) and benevolent (subjectively positive but patronizing attitudes).
Source: Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996): The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 70, No. 3, pp. 491–512.
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Amiability (CPI: Ami))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Amiability" and target/key label "CPI: Ami)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Amorality
A new measure of Machiavellianism, the Machiavellian Personality Scale (MPS), was developed and validated over two studies. Machiavellianism is conceptualized as one's propensity to distrust others, engage in amoral manipulation, seek contr…
Source: Dahling et al. (2009): The Development and Validation of a New Machiavellianism Scale. Journal of Management, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 219-257.
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Anger (BFAS: Volatility))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Anger" and target/key label "BFAS: Volatility)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Anger (CAT-PD: Anger))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Anger" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Anger)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Anger (NEO: N2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Anger" and target/key label "NEO: N2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Anhedonia (CAT-PD: Anhedonia))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Anhedonia" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Anhedonia)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Anthropomorphism Toward AI
A multi-item measure of the tendency to attribute human-like characteristics — intentions, emotions, mind — to AI agents (chatbots, voice assistants, LLMs). Predicts trust, attachment, over-reliance, and emotional responses to AI.
Source: Waytz, A., Cacioppo, J., & Epley, N. (2010): Who sees human? The stability and importance of individual differences in anthropomorphism. Perspectives on Psychological Science, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 219–232.
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Anxiety (16PF: O))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Anxiety" and target/key label "16PF: O)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Anxiety (BFAS: Withdrawal))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Anxiety" and target/key label "BFAS: Withdrawal)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Anxiety (BIS-Anxiety: Carver & White, 1994))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Anxiety" and target/key label "BIS-Anxiety: Carver & White, 1994)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Anxiety (CAT-PD: Anxiousness))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Anxiety" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Anxiousness)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Anxiety (HEX: E-Anxi))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Anxiety" and target/key label "HEX: E-Anxi)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Anxiety (JPI: Axy))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Anxiety" and target/key label "JPI: Axy)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Anxiety (NEO: N1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Anxiety" and target/key label "NEO: N1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3)
An 18-item measure of anxiety sensitivity — fear of anxiety symptoms — across three subscales: physical, cognitive, and social concerns.
Source: Taylor, S., Zvolensky, M. J., Cox, B. J., Deacon, B., Heimberg, R. G., Ledley, D. R., et al. (2007): Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: Development and initial validation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3. Psychological Assessment, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 176–188.
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Apparent sincerity
The conceptualization and measurement of the political skill construct was examined and evidence was validated for the Political Skill Inventory (PSI). The results of three investigations, involving seven samples, are reported that demonstr…
Source: Ferris et al. (2005): Development and Validation of the Political Skill Inventory. Journal of Management, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 126–152.
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Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI)
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a psychological disorder in which people suffer from a distorted self body image. There are a number of similar scales to measure appearance anxiety. The AAI scale (Veale et al., 2014) has been validated wi…
Source: Veale, D., Eshkevaria, E., Kanakama, N., Ellisona, N., Costa, A., and Werner, T. (2014). The Appearance Anxiety Inventory: Validation of a Process Measure in the Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42 , 605-616. Link to publisher
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Appearance-Consciousness (HPI: Appearance HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Appearance-Consciousness" and target/key label "HPI: Appearance HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Appearance-Consciousness (ORAIS: Fashion))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Appearance-Consciousness" and target/key label "ORAIS: Fashion)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Approaches to Studying Inventory (ASSIST)
A 52-item measure of three approaches to studying: deep, strategic, and surface. Foundational measure in higher-education research.
Source: Tait, H., Entwistle, N. J., & McCune, V. (1998): ASSIST: A reconceptualisation of the Approaches to Studying Inventory. In C. Rust (Ed.), Improving student learning: Improving students as learners (pp. 262–271). Oxford Centre for Staff and Learning Development.
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Architectural innovation
A comprehensive set of measures is developed to assess an innovation’s locus, type, and characteristics. The measure described on this page is one of these measures. It is found that the concepts of competence destroying and competence enha…
Source: Gatignon et al. (2002): A Structural Approach to Assessing Innovation: Construct Development of Innovation Locus, Type, and Characteristics. Management Science, Vol. 48, No. 9, pp. 1103–1122.
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Artificial Intelligence Anxiety Scale (AIAS, Wang & Wang)
A 21-item measure of anxiety toward AI across four dimensions: learning, job replacement, sociotechnical blindness, and AI configuration. Developed and validated in two large samples (combined N > 800). Predicts reduced AI use intention and…
Source: Wang, Y.-Y., & Wang, Y.-S. (2022): Development and validation of an artificial intelligence anxiety scale: An initial application in predicting motivated learning behavior. Interactive Learning Environments, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 619–634.
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Artistic Interests/Aesthetic Appreciation (BFAS: Openness))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Artistic Interests/Aesthetic Appreciation" and target/key label "BFAS: Openness)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Artistic Interests/Aesthetic Appreciation (HEX: O-AesA))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Artistic Interests/Aesthetic Appreciation" and target/key label "HEX: O-AesA)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Artistic Interests/Aesthetic Appreciation (HPI: Culture HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Artistic Interests/Aesthetic Appreciation" and target/key label "HPI: Culture HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Artistic Interests/Aesthetic Appreciation (NEO: O2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Artistic Interests/Aesthetic Appreciation" and target/key label "NEO: O2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Artistic Interests/Aesthetic Appreciation (VIA: App))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Artistic Interests/Aesthetic Appreciation" and target/key label "VIA: App)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Assertiveness (16PF: E))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Assertiveness" and target/key label "16PF: E)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Assertiveness (AB5C: I+/III+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Assertiveness" and target/key label "AB5C: I+/III+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Assertiveness (BFAS: Assertiveness))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Assertiveness" and target/key label "BFAS: Assertiveness)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Assertiveness (CPI: Do))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Assertiveness" and target/key label "CPI: Do)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Assertiveness (MPQ: SP))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Assertiveness" and target/key label "MPQ: SP)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Assertiveness (NEO: E3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Assertiveness" and target/key label "NEO: E3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Asset specificity
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Verwaal et al. (2009): Value Creation and Value Claiming in Strategic Outsourcing Decisions: A Resource Contingency Perspective. Journal of Management, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 420-444.
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Asset specificity
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Specific assets entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Specific assets. Verify the original source before field use.
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Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ, Raedeke & Smith)
A 15-item measure of athlete burnout across three dimensions: emotional/physical exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment, and sport devaluation.
Source: Raedeke, T. D., & Smith, A. L. (2001): Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 281–306.
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Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS)
A 7-item measure of the strength and exclusivity of identification with the athlete role. Used in sport-psychology and career-transition research.
Source: Brewer, B. W., Van Raalte, J. L., & Linder, D. E. (1993): Athletic identity: Hercules' muscles or Achilles heel? International Journal of Sport Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 237–254.
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Attention focusing
The authors measured performance measurement system (PMS) use for attention focusing and score keeping with the scales of Vandenbosch (1999). For the former scale, one item (“vocabulary in the organization”) was deemed confusing and therefo…
Source: Bühler/Wallenburg/Wieland (2016): Accounting for External Turbulence of Logistics Organizations via Performance Measurement Systems. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 21, No. 6
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Attention to Emotions (Barchard, 2001))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Attention to Emotions" and target/key label "Barchard, 2001)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Attitudes Toward AI in Education
A multi-item measure of students' and educators' attitudes toward AI tools (e.g., ChatGPT, AI tutors, automated grading) in higher education, including perceived usefulness, fairness, and ethical concerns.
Source: Chan, C. K. Y., & Hu, W. (2023): Students' voices on generative AI: Perceptions, benefits, and challenges in higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, Vol. 20, Article 43.
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Attitudes Toward AI in Hiring
An applicant-side and HR-side measure of attitudes toward the use of AI in selection (resume screening, video interview analysis, gamified assessments). Captures fairness, dehumanization concerns, and acceptance.
Source: Acikgoz, Y., Davison, K. H., Compagnone, M., & Laske, M. (2020): Justice perceptions of artificial intelligence in selection. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 399–416.
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Attitudes Toward Cheating Scale (ATS)
A multi-item measure of student attitudes toward academic dishonesty, including cheating, plagiarism, and (more recently) AI-assisted unauthorized use. Important for academic-integrity research and policy evaluation.
Source: McCabe, D. L., Treviño, L. K., & Butterfield, K. D. (2001): Cheating in academic institutions: A decade of research. Ethics & Behavior, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 219–232.
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Attitudes Toward Maternal Employment
A multi-item measure of attitudes toward maternal employment, covering perceived benefits and costs of mothers working outside the home. Used in family-work research.
Source: Greenberger, E., Goldberg, W. A., Crawford, T. J., & Granger, J. (1988): Beliefs about the consequences of maternal employment for children. Psychology of Women Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 35–59.
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Attractiveness (Big-7: 525))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Attractiveness" and target/key label "Big-7: 525)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ)
A measure of explanatory style — how people typically explain positive and negative events along three dimensions: internal–external, stable–unstable, and global–specific. Pessimistic explanatory style predicts depression and burnout.
Source: Peterson, C., Semmel, A., von Baeyer, C., Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1982): The Attributional Style Questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 287–299.
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Auditor Independence Perception
A multi-item measure of perceived auditor independence — both independence in fact and in appearance.
Source: DeAngelo, L. E. (1981): Auditor independence, 'low balling', and disclosure regulation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 113–127.
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Authentic Leadership Inventory (ALI, Neider & Schriesheim)
A 14-item measure of authentic leadership across four dimensions: self-awareness, relational transparency, internalized moral perspective, and balanced processing. Free alternative to the proprietary ALQ.
Source: Neider, L. L., & Schriesheim, C. A. (2011): The Authentic Leadership Inventory (ALI): Development and empirical tests. Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 1146–1164.
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Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ)
A 16-item measure of four dimensions of authentic leadership: self-awareness, relational transparency, internalized moral perspective, and balanced processing. Validated by Walumbwa et al. (2008) across multiple samples.
Source: Walumbwa, F. O., Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Wernsing, T. S., & Peterson, S. J. (2008): Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure. Journal of Management, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 89–126.
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Authenticity/Integrity/Honesty (VIA: Int))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Authenticity/Integrity/Honesty" and target/key label "VIA: Int)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ-50)
A 50-item measure of autism-spectrum traits in adults across five domains: social skills, attention switching, attention to detail, communication, and imagination.
Source: Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001): The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 5–17.
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Average Variance Extracted (AVE)
A composite-convergent-validity index: average of squared standardized loadings on a latent factor. AVE ≥ 0.50 indicates that the factor explains more variance in items than measurement error.
Source: Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981): Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 39–50.
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Awe of AI
A multi-item measure of the experience of awe when encountering powerful AI capabilities — a blend of wonder, perceived vastness, and need for cognitive accommodation.
Source: Cheng, X., Tang, X., & Bao, Y. (2023): Are we ready to embrace generative AI? An emotional perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 148, Article 107891.
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Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR)
A 40-item measure of social desirability with two subscales: self-deceptive enhancement (honestly held but inflated self-views) and impression management (deliberate self-presentation).
Source: Paulhus, D. L. (1991): Measurement and control of response bias. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 17–59). Academic Press.
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Balanced Item Set (Acquiescence Control)
A method approach: include equal numbers of positively-worded and reverse-worded items to control for acquiescence response bias. Net score after reversing reverse-worded items removes acquiescence variance.
Source: Schmitt, N., & Stuits, D. M. (1985): Factors defined by negatively keyed items: The result of careless respondents? Applied Psychological Measurement, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 367–373.
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Balanced processing
Scales were developed and validated for four dimensions of authentic leadership: self-awareness, relational transparency, internalized moral perspective, balanced processing.
Source: Walumbwa et al. (2008): Authentic Leadership: Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Measure? Journal of Management, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 89–126
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Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11)
A 30-item measure of impulsiveness across three subscales: attentional impulsiveness, motor impulsiveness, and non-planning impulsiveness.
Source: Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995): Factor structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol. 51, No. 6, pp. 768–774.
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Barratt's Impulsiveness scale (BIS)
Impulsiveness refers to the state of mind in which one makes decisions without much thinking. A good example of this is an impulse buy (buying something you later realise you do not really need). Barratt's impulsiveness scale is a popular m…
Source: PsyToolkit survey library page with background, links, and references.
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Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)
A 21-item self-report measure of anxiety severity in the past week, focused on somatic symptoms (e.g., dizziness, sweating, heart pounding).
Source: Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988): An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 893–897.
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Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)
A 21-item self-report inventory of depression severity tied to DSM-IV criteria, widely used in clinical and research settings. Each item has four response options graded 0–3.
Source: Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996): Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
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Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF)
An 86-item parent- and teacher-report measure of executive function in children across eight clinical scales: inhibit, shift, emotional control, initiate, working memory, plan/organize, organization of materials, monitor.
Source: Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kenworthy, L. (2000): BRIEF: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Psychological Assessment Resources.
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Behavioral Biases Inventory
A multi-item measure of common cognitive biases relevant to financial and managerial decision-making: overconfidence, anchoring, loss aversion, herding, and present bias.
Source: Pompian, M. M. (2006): Behavioral finance and wealth management: How to build optimal portfolios that account for investor biases. Wiley.
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Behavioral Inhibition/Activation System (BIS/BAS: Carver & White, 1994))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Behavioral Inhibition/Activation System" and target/key label "BIS/BAS: Carver & White, 1994)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Being a Target of Gossip
A multi-item measure of perceived exposure to negative gossip — believing coworkers spread rumors or talk negatively about oneself.
Source: Chandra, G., & Robinson, S. L. (2010): They're talking about me again: The impact of being the target of gossip on emotional distress and withdrawal. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings.
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Belligerence (MPQ: AG))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Belligerence" and target/key label "MPQ: AG)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Belonging, engagement, and self-confidence in higher education (BES)
Having a sense of belonging means that you are part of wherever you are. In schools and universities this is important. If you are a university student, but you do not really feel part of the university, then this might affect your motivati…
Source: Yorke, M. (2016). The development and initial use of a survey of student ‘belongingness’, engagement and self-confidence in UK higher education. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 41(1) , 154-166, DOI: 10.1080/02602938.2014.990415. Open access link .
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Bem sex role inventory (BSRI)
Gender differences are always a popular subject among psychology students and in the general population. The well-known social psychologist Sandara Bem (1944-2014) developed a sex role inventory to measure different aspects of hypothesized …
Source: Bem, S. L. (1974) The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42 , 155-162. | A. Colley, G. Mulhern, J. Maltby, A.M. Wood. (2009). The short form BSRI: Instrumentality, expressiveness and gender associations among a United Kingdom sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 46 , 384-387. | E. Pedhazur (1979). Bem Sex Role Inventory: A Theoretical and Methodological Critique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 996-1016 | The following paper is open access and explains the test very well ( read here ): F. Carver, A. Vafaei, R. Guerra, A. Freire, and S. P. Phillips (2013). Gender Differences: Examination of the 12-Item Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI-12) in an Older Brazilian Population. Plos ONE, 8 , e76356. | Hoffman, R.M. & Borders, L.D. (2001). Twenty five years after the Bem Sex Role Inventory: A reassessment and new issues regarding classification variability. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34 , 39-55 Download paper here | Rating document, note though, that the scale items for androgynous are actually Neutral items. The above Hoffman and Borders paper is much better, but this one just lists the items easily: Retrieved from
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Benchmarking
Through a detailed analysis of the literature, twelve constructs of integrated quality management strategies were identified: top management commitment, customer focus, supplier quality management, design quality management, benchmarking, S…
Source: Ahire et al. (1996): Development and Validation of TQM Implementation Constructs. Decision Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 23-56.
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Benevolence
Three facets of trustworthiness were measured based on scales designed by Mayer/Davis (1999) to assess the ability, benevolence, and integrity of a supervisor. The Likert-type scale ranged from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Source: Colquitt/Rodell (2011): Justice, trust, and trustworthiness: A longitudinal analysis integrating three theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 1183–1206
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Benevolence
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Ability entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Ability. Verify the original source before field use.
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Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS)
A 6-item measure of problematic social-media use based on the components model of addiction (salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, relapse).
Source: Andreassen, C. S., Billieux, J., Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., Demetrovics, Z., Mazzoni, E., & Pallesen, S. (2016): The relationship between addictive use of social media and video games and symptoms of psychiatric disorders: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 252–262.
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Big Data Analytics Capability
A multi-item measure of organizational big-data-analytics capability across tangible (data, technology), human (skills), and intangible (data-driven culture) dimensions.
Source: Wamba, S. F., Gunasekaran, A., Akter, S., Ren, S. J. F., Dubey, R., & Childe, S. J. (2017): Big data analytics and firm performance: Effects of dynamic capabilities. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 70, pp. 356–365.
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Big Five Inventory (BFI-2, Soto & John)
A 60-item measure of the Big Five personality domains (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, negative emotionality, open-mindedness) with three facets each, totalling 15 facets. Replaces the 1990s BFI in modern personality researc…
Source: Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017): The next Big Five Inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 113, No. 1, pp. 117–143.
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Big Five Inventory (BFI-44, John & Srivastava)
A 44-item measure of the Big Five personality traits using short, easy-to-understand phrases. The most cited Big Five instrument before the BFI-2 revision.
Source: John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999): The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 102–138). Guilford.
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Big Five Inventory-10 (BFI-10, Rammstedt & John)
A 10-item ultra-short measure of the Big Five with 2 items per factor (one positive, one negative). Validated for use when survey length is severely constrained.
Source: Rammstedt, B., & John, O. P. (2007): Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of Research in Personality, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 203–212.
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BIG5 Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI)
The BIG 5 is one of the leading models to express the most important dimensions of personality, namely: N euroticism (also known as emotional instability)
Source: S. D. Gosling, P. J. Rentfrow, and W. B. Swann Jr. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37 , 504-528.
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Bivalent AI Emotions (Awe-Creepiness)
A multi-item measure capturing simultaneous positive (awe, fascination) and negative (creepiness, unease) emotional reactions to AI capability. Captures the bivalent nature of AI emotions.
Source: Rajaobelina, L., Prom Tep, S., Arcand, M., & Ricard, L. (2021): Creepiness: Its antecedents and impact on loyalty when interacting with a chatbot. Psychology & Marketing, Vol. 38, No. 12, pp. 2339–2356.
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Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2)
A 10-item measure of positive body image — appreciation of, comfort with, and protection of one's body. The dominant positive-body-image instrument.
Source: Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015): The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, Vol. 12, pp. 53–67.
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ)
A brief screener for body dysmorphic disorder, asking about preoccupation with perceived appearance flaws and resulting impairment.
Source: Phillips, K. A. (2005): The Broken Mirror: Understanding and Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Oxford University Press.
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Body Esteem Scale (BES)
Self esteem refers to how well people feel about themselves. Body esteem is part of this. The study of body self esteem is popular among psychology students. There is a lot of attention for the role of the media on body esteem (in particula…
Source: Franzoi, S.L. (1994). Further evidence of the reliability and validity of the body esteem scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50 , 237-239. | Franzoi, S.L. & Shields, S.A. (1984). The Body-Esteem Scale: Multidimensional structure and sex differences in a college population. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48 , 173-178.
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Bogus / Infrequent Items (Careless Responding)
A method approach: include items with a single 'correct' response (e.g., 'I have eaten a meal in the past year') to identify careless or random responders. Failed bogus items signal data quality issues.
Source: Meade, A. W., & Craig, S. B. (2012): Identifying careless responses in survey data. Psychological Methods, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 437–455.
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Bootstrapped Mediation (Preacher & Hayes)
A non-parametric bootstrapping method for testing indirect effects in mediation models. Generates a confidence interval for the indirect effect a*b without assuming normal distribution. PROCESS macro by Hayes is the standard implementation.
Source: Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008): Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 879–891.
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Bottom-Line Mentality (Greenbaum, Mawritz & Eissa)
A 4-item measure of supervisor bottom-line mentality — a one-dimensional frame of mind in which leaders focus on bottom-line outcomes to the exclusion of competing priorities such as ethics. Predicts subordinate UPB and unethical behaviour.
Source: Greenbaum, R. L., Mawritz, M. B., & Eissa, G. (2012): Bottom-line mentality as an antecedent of social undermining and the moderating roles of core self-evaluations and conscientiousness. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 97, No. 2, pp. 343–359.
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Boundaryless Career Attitudes (Briscoe, Hall & DeMuth)
A 13-item measure of boundaryless career orientation with two subscales: boundaryless mindset (8 items, openness to crossing organizational/national boundaries) and organizational mobility preference (5 items, preference for staying with on…
Source: Briscoe, J. P., Hall, D. T., & DeMuth, R. L. F. (2006): Protean and boundaryless careers: An empirical exploration. Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 30–47.
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Boundaryless Mindset Short
An 8-item short form of Briscoe et al.'s boundaryless mindset subscale, suitable for diary or panel studies.
Source: Briscoe, J. P., & Hall, D. T. (2006): The interplay of boundaryless and protean careers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 4–18.
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Brand Attachment (Park, MacInnis, Priester, Eisingerich & Iacobucci)
A 10-item measure of brand attachment along two dimensions: brand–self connection and prominence. Operationalizes the strength of the cognitive-emotional bond between consumer and brand.
Source: Park, C. W., MacInnis, D. J., Priester, J., Eisingerich, A. B., & Iacobucci, D. (2010): Brand attachment and brand attitude strength: Conceptual and empirical differentiation of two critical brand equity drivers. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 74, No. 6, pp. 1–17.
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Brand Authenticity (Morhart, Malär, Guèvremont, Girardin & Grohmann)
A 15-item measure of perceived brand authenticity across four dimensions: continuity, credibility, integrity, and symbolism. Predicts brand love, attachment, and word-of-mouth.
Source: Morhart, F., Malär, L., Guèvremont, A., Girardin, F., & Grohmann, B. (2015): Brand authenticity: An integrative framework and measurement scale. Journal of Consumer Psychology, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 200–218.
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Brand Commitment (Beatty, Kahle & Homer)
A 4-item measure of consumer commitment to a brand — intention to continue purchasing and resist competitive offers.
Source: Beatty, S. E., Kahle, L. R., & Homer, P. (1988): The involvement-commitment model: Theory and implications. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 149–167.
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Brand Community Identification
A multi-item measure of consumer identification with a brand community — feelings of belonging, shared identity, and emotional connection.
Source: Algesheimer, R., Dholakia, U. M., & Herrmann, A. (2005): The social influence of brand community: Evidence from European car clubs. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 19–34.
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Brand Engagement in Self-Concept (BESC)
An 8-item measure of consumers' general tendency to incorporate brands into their self-concept — distinct from engagement with a specific brand.
Source: Sprott, D., Czellar, S., & Spangenberg, E. (2009): The importance of a general measure of brand engagement on market behavior. Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 92–104.
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Brand Experience Scale (Brakus, Schmitt & Zarantonello)
A 12-item measure of brand experience across four dimensions: sensory, affective, behavioural, and intellectual. Used widely in branding and customer-experience research.
Source: Brakus, J. J., Schmitt, B. H., & Zarantonello, L. (2009): Brand experience: What is it? How is it measured? Does it affect loyalty? Journal of Marketing, Vol. 73, No. 3, pp. 52–68.
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Brand Love (Carroll & Ahuvia)
A 10-item measure of consumer brand love — the degree of passionate emotional attachment a satisfied consumer has for a particular brand. Predicts word of mouth, brand loyalty, and willingness to pay a premium.
Source: Carroll, B. A., & Ahuvia, A. C. (2006): Some antecedents and outcomes of brand love. Marketing Letters, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 79–89.
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Brand Personality Scale (Aaker)
A 42-item measure of brand personality along five dimensions: sincerity, excitement, competence, sophistication, and ruggedness.
Source: Aaker, J. L. (1997): Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 347–356.
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Brand Trust (Chaudhuri & Holbrook)
A 4-item measure of consumer trust in a brand — confidence in the brand's reliability and intent.
Source: Chaudhuri, A., & Holbrook, M. B. (2001): The chain of effects from brand trust and brand affect to brand performance. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 81–93.
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Bravery/Courage/Valor (VIA: Val))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Bravery/Courage/Valor" and target/key label "VIA: Val)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Brief Calling Scale (BCS)
A 4-item brief version of the Calling and Vocation Questionnaire, with 2 items for presence of calling and 2 items for search for calling. Useful when survey length is constrained.
Source: Dik, B. J., Eldridge, B. M., Steger, M. F., & Duffy, R. D. (2012): Development and validation of the Calling and Vocation Questionnaire (CVQ) and Brief Calling Scale (BCS). Journal of Career Assessment, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 242–263.
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Brief COPE
A 28-item measure of 14 coping strategies (2 items each): self-distraction, active coping, denial, substance use, emotional support, instrumental support, behavioural disengagement, venting, positive reframing, planning, humour, acceptance,…
Source: Carver, C. S. (1997): You want to measure coping but your protocol's too long: Consider the Brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 92–100.
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Brief Histrionic Personality Scale (BHPS)
We all know what an attention seeker is. Some types of attention seeking can be associated with mental problems knowns as Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) . This disorder affects around 3% of the population. One of the traits involved …
Source: Ferguson & Negy (2014). Development of a brief screening questionnaire for histrionic personality symptoms. Personality & Individual Differences, 66 , 124-127.
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Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)
A 9-item measure of pain severity and interference with daily activities, widely used in clinical and occupational health research.
Source: Cleeland, C. S., & Ryan, K. M. (1994): Pain assessment: Global use of the Brief Pain Inventory. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 129–138.
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Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-18)
An 18-item clinician-rated measure of major psychiatric symptoms covering positive symptoms, negative symptoms, anxiety/depression, hostility, and disorganization.
Source: Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962): The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 799–812.
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Brief Resilience Scale (BRS, Smith)
A 6-item measure of resilience defined as the ability to bounce back from stress. Distinct from CD-RISC which captures traits enabling resilience.
Source: Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008): The Brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 194–200.
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Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS, Tangney)
A 13-item measure of dispositional self-control — the ability to override impulses to align behaviour with long-term goals. Predicts academic success, relationships, and well-being.
Source: Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004): High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. 271–324.
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Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS-8)
An 8-item measure of sensation seeking across four facets: experience seeking, boredom susceptibility, thrill and adventure seeking, and disinhibition.
Source: Hoyle, R. H., Stephenson, M. T., Palmgreen, P., Lorch, E. P., & Donohew, R. L. (2002): Reliability and validity of a brief measure of sensation seeking. Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 401–414.
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Bullshitting Frequency Scale (BFS)
bullshit is the poop of bulls and cows. It has another more commonly used meaning: It is used for exaggerations. In the psychological research of deception, it is about embellishing and stretching the truth to make a better impression. A bu…
Source: Littrell, S., Risko, E.F. and Fugelsang, J.A. (2021), The Bullshitting Frequency Scale: Development and psychometric properties. Br. J. Soc. Psychol., 60: 248-270 e12379. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12379 | The full scale and data can be downloaded from the papers' OSF page .
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Burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey)
A 16-item version of the MBI for use beyond human-services occupations. Three subscales: Emotional Exhaustion (5), Cynicism (5), and Professional Efficacy (6). Items are rated on a 7-point frequency scale (0 = never to 6 = every day).
Source: Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1996): The Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey. In C. Maslach, S. E. Jackson, & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), MBI Manual (3rd ed., pp. 19–26). Consulting Psychologists Press.
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Business process skills
The paper defines and operationalizes eight Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) competence constructs. A two-stage normative process of scale development is followed. First, a portfolio of eight generic constructs that are hypothesized to be…
Source: Stratman/Roth (2002): Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Competence Constructs: Two-Stage Multi-Item Scale Development and Validation. Decision Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 601-628.
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Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ)
The Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) is a popular measure of aggression in adults. Men show a higher level of aggression than women (Archer, 2004). The BPAQ has 29 items, subdivided in four factors (which resulted from factor anal…
Source: Buss, A.H. and Perry, M.P. (1992). The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63 , 452-459. | Archer, J. (2004). Sex differences in aggression in real- world settings: A meta-analytic review. Review of General Psychology, 8 , 291-322.
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Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ)
A 29-item measure of aggression across four facets: physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility. The most cited aggression instrument.
Source: Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992): The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 452–459.
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Buyer assistance
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Zhang et al. (2009): Do buyer cooperative actions matter under relational stress? Evidence from Japanese and U.S. assemblers in the U.S. automotive industry. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 479–494.
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Buyer communication
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Zhang et al. (2009): Do buyer cooperative actions matter under relational stress? Evidence from Japanese and U.S. assemblers in the U.S. automotive industry. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 479–494.
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Buyer communication
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Information sharing entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Information sharing. Verify the original source before field use.
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Buyer dependence
A four-item scale was adapted from Gilliland & Bello (2002) and Richey (2003). The fourth item was dropped after CFA.
Source: Villena et al. (2017): Revisiting Interorganizational Trust: Is More Always Better or Could More Be Worse?. Journal of Management, forthcoming.
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Buyer dependence
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Dependence entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Dependence. Verify the original source before field use.
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Buyer financial performance
The authors identify key constructs related to supply chain management. Based on a systematic instrument develop process, they develop a set of reliable, valid, and unidimensional measurement scales.
Source: Chen/Paulraj (2004): Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 119–150
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Buyer operational performance
The authors identify key constructs related to supply chain management. Based on a systematic instrument develop process, they develop a set of reliable, valid, and unidimensional measurement scales.
Source: Chen/Paulraj (2004): Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 119–150
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Buyer's knowledge of supplier's past performance
A supplier’s operational performance refers to the combination of product development efficiency, process improvements, quality conformity, and short lead time (Womack
Source: Kotabe et al. (2002): Gaining from Vertical Partnerships: Knowledge Transfer, Relationship Duration, and Supplier Performance Improvement in the U.S. and Japanese Automotive Industries. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 293–316
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Buying firm's expectation of relationship continuity
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Krause (1999): The antecedents of buying firms' efforts to improve suppliers. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp 205–224.
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Buying firm's top management support
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Krause (1999): The antecedents of buying firms' efforts to improve suppliers. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp 205–224.
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Buying firm's top management support
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Top management support entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Top management support. Verify the original source before field use.
C
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Caffeine Use Disorder Questionnaire (CUDQ)
Caffeine is a psychoactive substance present in drinks and foods: Most adults and many children use caffeine. In fact, a recent review on caffeine stated this:
Source: Addicott M. A. (2014). Caffeine Use Disorder: A Review of the Evidence and Future Implications. Current addiction reports, 1(3) , 186-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-014-0024-9 | Meredith SE, Juliano LM, Hughes JR, Griffiths RR. Caffeine Use Disorder: A Comprehensive Review and Research Agenda. J Caffeine Res. 2013 Sep;3(3):114-130. doi: 10.1089/jcr.2013.0016. PMID: 24761279; PMCID: PMC3777290. Link here | Ágoston, C., Urbán, R., Richman, M.J., and Demetrovics, Z. (2018). Caffeine use disorder: An item-response theory analysis of proposed DSM-5 criteria. Addictive Behaviors , 109-116. Link here | Nawrot, P., Jordan, S., Eastwood, J., Rotstein, J., Hugenholtz, A. & Feeley, M. (2003). Effects of caffeine on human health, Food Additives & Contaminants, 20:1, 1-30, DOI: 10.1080/0265203021000007840. Link here
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California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI)
A 75-item measure of dispositional critical thinking across seven facets: truth-seeking, open-mindedness, analyticity, systematicity, self-confidence, inquisitiveness, and maturity.
Source: Facione, P. A., Facione, N. C., & Giancarlo, C. A. (2001): The disposition toward critical thinking: Its character, measurement, and relationship to critical thinking skill. Informal Logic, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 61–84.
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Calling and Vocation Questionnaire (CVQ)
A 24-item measure of calling along three dimensions (transcendent summons, purposeful work, prosocial orientation), each split into 'presence of' and 'search for' calling. Widely used in vocational psychology and meaningful-work research.
Source: Dik, B. J., Eldridge, B. M., Steger, M. F., & Duffy, R. D. (2012): Development and validation of the Calling and Vocation Questionnaire (CVQ) and Brief Calling Scale (BCS). Journal of Career Assessment, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 242–263.
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Callousness (CAT-PD: Callousness))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Callousness" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Callousness)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Callousness (IPIP-IPC: Cold-Hearted))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Callousness" and target/key label "IPIP-IPC: Cold-Hearted)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Calmness (6FPQ: AG2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Calmness" and target/key label "6FPQ: AG2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Calmness (AB5C: IV+/II+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Calmness" and target/key label "AB5C: IV+/II+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Calmness (CPI: WO))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Calmness" and target/key label "CPI: WO)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Calmness (HPI: Calmness HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Calmness" and target/key label "HPI: Calmness HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Calmness (HPI: Calmness))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Calmness" and target/key label "HPI: Calmness)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Calmness (HPI: Not Anxious HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Calmness" and target/key label "HPI: Not Anxious HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Calmness (HPI: SO))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Calmness" and target/key label "HPI: SO)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Capability development
Survey items were developed from commonly accepted theoretical definitions and were partially influenced by the efforts of other researchers. The authors used past research to obtain general insights about the constructs as opposed to speci…
Source: Steensma/Corley (2000): On the performance of technology-sourcing partnerships: The interaction between partner interdependence and technology attributes. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 1045-1067.
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Capability evaluation
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Handley/Benton (2009): Unlocking the business outsourcing process model. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 344–361.
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Capacity for Love (VIA: Cap))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Capacity for Love" and target/key label "VIA: Cap)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS, Savickas & Porfeli)
A 24-item measure of career adaptability across four dimensions: concern, control, curiosity, and confidence. Validated in 13 countries simultaneously and used widely in vocational psychology and HRM.
Source: Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2012): Career Adapt-Abilities Scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 80, No. 3, pp. 661–673.
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Career Anchors Inventory (Schein)
A 40-item measure of career anchors — the self-concept that guides and constrains career choices. Eight anchors: technical/functional, general managerial, autonomy/independence, security/stability, entrepreneurial, service/dedication, pure …
Source: Schein, E. H., & Van Maanen, J. (2013): Career Anchors: The changing nature of work and careers — participant workbook (4th ed.). Wiley.
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Career Commitment (Blau)
An 8-item measure of one's attitude towards a vocation, including a profession or occupation. Distinct from organizational commitment because it targets the career rather than the employer. Used widely in retention and protean-career resear…
Source: Blau, G. J. (1985): The measurement and prediction of career commitment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 277–288.
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Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale (CDSE-SF)
A 25-item short form measuring confidence in completing career-decision tasks across five subscales: self-appraisal, occupational information, goal selection, planning, and problem solving.
Source: Betz, N. E., Klein, K. L., & Taylor, K. M. (1996): Evaluation of a short form of the Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Career Assessment, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 47–57.
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Career Identity (London)
A multi-item measure of career identity — the centrality of career to one's self-concept and willingness to invest in career advancement.
Source: London, M. (1983): Toward a theory of career motivation. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 620–630.
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Career Intent to Leave the Profession
A short 4- to 6-item measure of intention to leave one's profession (not just one's employer). Distinct from organizational turnover intention because it taps occupational/profession-level withdrawal — important in nursing, teaching, and ac…
Source: Hayes, L. J., O'Brien-Pallas, L., Duffield, C., Shamian, J., Buchan, J., Hughes, F., Spence Laschinger, H. K., North, N., & Stone, P. W. (2006): Nurse turnover: A literature review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 237–263.
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Career Plateau (Bardwick)
A multi-item measure of career plateau — perception of stalled career advancement. Two facets: hierarchical (no upward movement) and content (lack of new challenges).
Source: Allen, T. D., Russell, J. E. A., Poteet, M. L., & Dobbins, G. H. (1999): Learning and development factors related to perceptions of job content and hierarchical plateauing. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 1113–1137.
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Career Resilience
A multi-item measure of career resilience — capacity to adapt to setbacks, transitions, and disruptions in one's career.
Source: Lyons, S. T., Schweitzer, L., & Ng, E. S. W. (2015): How have careers changed? An investigation of changing career patterns across four generations. Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 8–21.
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Caring Behaviors Inventory (CBI-24)
A 24-item measure of nurse caring behaviour across four dimensions: assurance of human presence, knowledge and skill, respectful deference to the other, and positive connectedness.
Source: Wu, Y., Larrabee, J. H., & Putman, H. P. (2006): Caring Behaviors Inventory: A reduction of the 42-item instrument. Nursing Research, Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 18–25.
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Caring Climate (Newman, Round, Bhattacharya & Roy)
A multi-item measure of organizational caring climate — the shared perception that the organization values and shows care for employee well-being. Highly used in nursing and care-work research.
Source: Newman, A., Round, H., Bhattacharya, S., & Roy, A. (2017): Ethical climates in organizations: A review and research agenda. Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 475–512.
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Cautiousness (AB5C: III+/I-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Cautiousness" and target/key label "AB5C: III+/I-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Cautiousness (NEO: C6))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Cautiousness" and target/key label "NEO: C6)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Cellular layout
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Flynn/Flynn (1999): Information-Processing Alternatives for Coping with Manufacturing Environment Complexity. Decision Sciences, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 1021-1052.
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Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
A 20-item self-report measure of depressive symptoms in the general population, designed for community-based screening rather than clinical diagnosis. Symptoms over the past week, rated 0–3.
Source: Radloff, L. S. (1977): The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 385–401.
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CES-D Short Form (CES-D-10, Andresen)
A 10-item short form of the CES-D, validated as a screener for depressive symptoms in older adults and general samples.
Source: Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994): Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 77–84.
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Change disposition
A set of new, multi-item measures are operationalized. The authors define and measure the salient infrastructural competencies – termed business-to-business seller competence (B2B-SC) – associated with the seller-side of Internet-enabled co…
Source: Rosenzweig/Roth (2007): B2B seller competence: Construct development and measurement using a supply chain strategy lens. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 1311-1331.
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Change initiation - Change success
Cudanov, Tornjanski and Jasko have developed construct based on Beckhard and Harris's model and the subsequent literature with the primary purpose to provide quantitative prediction model in the area of organizational change management. Aut…
Source: Cudanov, M., Tornjanski, V., & Jasko, O. (2019). CHANGE EQUATION EFFECTIVENESS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM SOUTH-EAST EUROPE. E+ M Ekonomie a Management, 22(1), 99-115; https://dspace.tul.cz/bitstream/handle/15240/151424/EM_1_2019_07.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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Change initiation - Clarity and strength of vision of change
Cudanov, Tornjanski and Jasko have developed construct based on Beckhard and Harris's model and the subsequent literature with the primary purpose to provide quantitative prediction model in the area of organizational change management. Aut…
Source: Cudanov, M., Tornjanski, V., & Jasko, O. (2019). CHANGE EQUATION EFFECTIVENESS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM SOUTH-EAST EUROPE. E+ M Ekonomie a Management, 22(1), 99-115; https://dspace.tul.cz/bitstream/handle/15240/151424/EM_1_2019_07.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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Change initiation - Clarity of actions towards preferred future state
Cudanov, Tornjanski and Jasko have developed construct based on Beckhard and Harris's model and the subsequent literature with the primary purpose to provide quantitative prediction model in the area of organizational change management. Aut…
Source: Cudanov, M., Tornjanski, V., & Jasko, O. (2019). CHANGE EQUATION EFFECTIVENESS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM SOUTH-EAST EUROPE. E+ M Ekonomie a Management, 22(1), 99-115; https://dspace.tul.cz/bitstream/handle/15240/151424/EM_1_2019_07.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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Change initiation - Resistance to change
Cudanov, Tornjanski and Jasko have developed construct based on Beckhard and Harris's model and the subsequent literature with the primary purpose to provide quantitative prediction model in the area of organizational change management. Aut…
Source: Cudanov, M., Tornjanski, V., & Jasko, O. (2019). CHANGE EQUATION EFFECTIVENESS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM SOUTH-EAST EUROPE. E+ M Ekonomie a Management, 22(1), 99-115; https://dspace.tul.cz/bitstream/handle/15240/151424/EM_1_2019_07.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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Change initiation - The degree of dissatisfaction with the status quo
Cudanov, Tornjanski and Jasko have developed construct based on Beckhard and Harris's model and the subsequent literature with the primary purpose to provide quantitative prediction model in the area of organizational change management. Aut…
Source: Cudanov, M., Tornjanski, V., & Jasko, O. (2019). CHANGE EQUATION EFFECTIVENESS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM SOUTH-EAST EUROPE. E+ M Ekonomie a Management, 22(1), 99-115; https://dspace.tul.cz/bitstream/handle/15240/151424/EM_1_2019_07.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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Change readiness
The paper defines and operationalizes eight Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) competence constructs. A two-stage normative process of scale development is followed. First, a portfolio of eight generic constructs that are hypothesized to be…
Source: Stratman/Roth (2002): Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Competence Constructs: Two-Stage Multi-Item Scale Development and Validation. Decision Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 601-628.
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Change success
Cudanov, Tornjanski and Jasko have developed construct based on Beckhard and Harris's model and the subsequent literature with the primary purpose to provide quantitative prediction model in the area of organizational change management. Aut…
Source: Cudanov, M., Tornjanski, V., & Jasko, O. (2019). CHANGE EQUATION EFFECTIVENESS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM SOUTH-EAST EUROPE. E+ M Ekonomie a Management, 22(1), 99-115; https://dspace.tul.cz/bitstream/handle/15240/151424/EM_1_2019_07.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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Charismatic Leadership (Conger-Kanungo CK Scale)
A 25-item measure of charismatic leadership across five dimensions: strategic vision and articulation, environmental sensitivity, personal risk, sensitivity to member needs, and unconventional behaviour.
Source: Conger, J. A., Kanungo, R. N., & Menon, S. T. (2000): Charismatic leadership and follower effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 21, No. 7, pp. 747–767.
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Chatbot Service Quality (post-2020)
A multi-item measure of consumer-perceived service quality of an AI-powered chatbot, including efficiency, accuracy, empathy, and reliability. Adapts SERVQUAL and E-S-QUAL to chatbot-mediated service contexts.
Source: Chung, M., Ko, E., Joung, H., & Kim, S. J. (2020): Chatbot e-service and customer satisfaction regarding luxury brands. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 117, pp. 587–595.
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ChatGPT Anxiety
A multi-item measure of anxiety specifically related to ChatGPT use, covering performance worry, ethical concerns, and learning anxiety. ChatGPT-specific complement to AIAS.
Source: Liu, Y., Chen, L., & Zhang, M. (2024): Exploring student perceptions and experiences with ChatGPT in foreign language learning. Education and Information Technologies, Vol. 29, No. 11, pp. 14207–14237.
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ChatGPT Literacy
A multi-item measure of competence in using ChatGPT effectively, including prompt-writing skill, output evaluation, and ethical use. Designed specifically for ChatGPT (rather than generic AI).
Source: Cherner, T., Mitchell, C., & Donovan, S. (2023): Examining instruments designed to measure user attitudes toward and competencies with ChatGPT. International Journal on Studies in Education, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 412–438.
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Cheerfulness (NEO: E6))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Cheerfulness" and target/key label "NEO: E6)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Child Adolescent Bullying Scale (CABS)
Bullying is a major problem in schools around the world. The CABS helps to identify children's problems with bullying. It was tested on a population of American children between 13 and 18 years old ( Strout et al., 2018 ).
Source: Strout, T.D., Vessey, J.A., Difazio, R.L., Ludlow, L.H. (2018). The Child Adolescent Bullying Scale (CABS): Psychometric evaluation of a new measure. Research in Nursing and Health, 41 , 1-13.
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Children, Interest in (ORAIS: Child-Related))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Children, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Child-Related)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Chronotype: Circadian Energy Scale (CIRENS)
People differ in whether they are more of a morning or an evening person. Many people are neither. What you are in this respect is your chronotype . In daily life, morning types are also known as early birds and evening types night owls .
Source: Reference to the original MEQ: Horne and Ostberg (1976). A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. International Journal of Chronobiology, 4 , 97–110. | Ottoni, G.L., Antoniolli, E., & Lara, D.R. (2011). The Circadian Energy Scale (CIRENS): Two Simple Questions for a Reliable Chronotype Measurement Based on Energy. Chronobiology International, 28 , 229-337. | Ana Adan, Simon N. Archer, Maria Paz Hidalgo, Lee Di Milia, Vincenzo Natale & Christoph Randler (2012) Circadian Typology: A Comprehensive Review, Chronobiology International, 29:9, 1153-1175, DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.719971 | Jones, S.E., Lane, J.M., Wood, A.R. et al. Genome-wide association analyses of chronotype in 697,828 individuals provides insights into circadian rhythms. Nat Commun 10, 343 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08259-7 | Kim, K.M., Han, S.M., Heo, K. et al. Sex differences in the association between chronotype and risk of depression. Sci Rep 10, 18512 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75724-z . Open access
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Citizenship/Teamwork (VIA: Cit))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Citizenship/Teamwork" and target/key label "VIA: Cit)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Civic Engagement Scale (Doolittle & Faul)
A 14-item measure of civic engagement across two dimensions: attitudes (sense of responsibility) and behaviours (volunteering, voting, advocacy).
Source: Doolittle, A., & Faul, A. C. (2013): Civic Engagement Scale: A validation study. SAGE Open, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 1–7.
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Clance Imposter Phenomenon Scale (CIPS)
A 20-item measure of imposter phenomenon — feelings of intellectual fraudulence despite objective evidence of success. Used widely in organizational and academic research.
Source: Clance, P. R. (1985): The Imposter Phenomenon: Overcoming the fear that haunts your success. Atlanta: Peachtree.
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Classroom Climate (Fraser CES)
A 90-item Classroom Environment Scale (and validated short forms) measuring nine dimensions of classroom psychosocial climate: involvement, affiliation, teacher support, task orientation, competition, order/organization, rule clarity, teach…
Source: Trickett, E. J., & Moos, R. H. (1995): Classroom Environment Scale (CES) Manual: Development, applications, research. Mind Garden.
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Classroom Community Scale (Rovai)
A 20-item measure of classroom sense of community across two factors: connectedness and learning. Used widely in distance and online education research.
Source: Rovai, A. P. (2002): Development of an instrument to measure classroom community. Internet and Higher Education, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 197–211.
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Cleanliness and organization
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Flynn et al. (1994): A framework for quality management research and an associated measurement instrument. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 339-366.
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Climate Change Risk Perception
A multi-item measure of perceived risk from climate change — to oneself, to one's community, and globally.
Source: Leiserowitz, A. (2006): Climate change risk perception and policy preferences: The role of affect, imagery, and values. Climatic Change, Vol. 77, No. 1–2, pp. 45–72.
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Climate for Inclusion (Nishii)
A 15-item measure of climate for inclusion across three dimensions: foundation of equitable employment practices, integration of differences, and inclusion in decision-making.
Source: Nishii, L. H. (2013): The benefits of climate for inclusion for gender-diverse groups. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 1754–1774.
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Climate for Innovation (Scott & Bruce)
A multi-item measure of organizational climate for innovation — support for new ideas, resources for innovation, and tolerance of risk.
Source: Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994): Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 580–607.
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Clinical Anger Scale (CAS)
Anger is a normal human emotion. Certain people may show clinical anger which is a chromic and pervasive anger. The difference between anger and clinical anger maybe comparible to the difference between feeling down and clinical depression …
Source: Snell, W. E., Jr., Gum, S., Shuck, R. L., Mosley, J. A., & Kite, T. L. (1995). The clinical anger scale: Preliminary reliability and validity. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(2) , 215-226. | Snell, W. E., Jr. (2002). Chapter 1: Clinical anger: Construct, measurement, reliability, and validity. In W. E. Snell, Jr. (Ed.), Progress in the study of physical and psychological health. Cape Girardeau, MO: Snell Publications. WEB: http://cstl-cla.semo.edu/snell/books/health/health.htm .
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Clinical Impairment Assessment Questionnaire (CIA 3.0)
Eating disorders are a major problem, especially in young women. Common types of eating disorders are: Anorexia nervosa: Trying to keep weight excessive low through self-starvation, etc.
Source: Bohn, K., Doll, H. A., Cooper, Z., O'Connor, M., Palmer, R. L., & Fairburn, C. G. (2008). The measurement of impairment due to eating disorder psychopathology. Behaviour research and therapy, 46 , 1105-1110. This is an open-access paper, click here to download . | Link to the Credo website of the creators (Fairburn's group in Oxford) | CIA instructions for users on the Credo website of the creators@ Download the instructions PDF here.
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Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation - Outcome Measure (CORE-OM)
A 34-item generic measure of psychological distress across four domains: well-being, problems/symptoms, life functioning, and risk. Used widely in UK psychotherapy services.
Source: Evans, C., Connell, J., Barkham, M., Margison, F., McGrath, G., Mellor-Clark, J., & Audin, K. (2002): Towards a standardised brief outcome measure: Psychometric properties and utility of the CORE-OM. British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 180, No. 1, pp. 51–60.
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Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q)
An 11-item measure of the quality of the coach-athlete relationship across three constructs: closeness (affective bond), commitment (intention to maintain), and complementarity (cooperative role behaviours).
Source: Jowett, S., & Ntoumanis, N. (2004): The Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q): Development and initial validation. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 245–257.
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Coaching Leadership (Anderson)
A multi-item measure of coaching leadership — leaders who develop followers through coaching conversations focused on growth and learning.
Source: Anderson, V. (2013): A Trojan Horse? The implications of managerial coaching for leadership theory. Human Resource Development International, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 251–266.
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Codification
Based on learning theory and multilevel thinking, measures were developed and validated for four types of team learning processes, as “team learning originates in individual intuition, is amplified through interpretation and integration, an…
Source: Kostopoulos et al. (2013): Structure and Function of Team Learning Emergence: A Multilevel Empirical Validation. Journal of Management, Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 1430–1461
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Cognitive and Emotional Trust in AI (Glikson & Woolley)
A two-dimensional measure of trust in AI distinguishing cognitive trust (belief in AI's competence and reliability) from emotional trust (felt security and goodwill). Anchored in the Glikson & Woolley (2020) review of human trust in AI; ada…
Source: Glikson, E., & Woolley, A. W. (2020): Human trust in artificial intelligence: Review of empirical research. Academy of Management Annals, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 627–660.
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Cognitive Failures (Cognitive Failures: Broadbent, et al., 1982))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Cognitive Failures" and target/key label "Cognitive Failures: Broadbent, et al., 1982)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ)
People make occasional errors due to absentmindedness. These can be lapses in memory or simple mistakes (e.g., forgetting why you actually went in the study room, forgetting a name, putting salt instead of the intended milk in your coffee).…
Source: D.E. Broadbent, P.F. Cooper, P. FitzGerald, & K.R. Parkes. (1982). The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) and its correlates. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 21 , 1-16.
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Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI, Dennis & Vander Wal)
A 20-item self-report measure of cognitive flexibility across two subscales: alternatives (recognizing multiple perspectives) and control (perceiving control over difficult situations).
Source: Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2010): The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 241–253.
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Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS)
Mental flexibility is the ability to switch between different thoughts and actions. Mental flexibility is considered part of executive funcions , which are the general mental functions that help us to cordinate thought and action. There are…
Source: Martin, M. M. & Rubin, R.B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76 , 623-626. (Download here) .
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Cognitive Job Crafting (Wrzesniewski & Dutton)
A multi-item measure of cognitive job crafting — reframing the meaning and purpose of one's work without changing actual tasks.
Source: Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E. (2001): Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 179–201.
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Cognitive Load Scale (Leppink et al.)
A 10-item measure of three types of cognitive load posited by Cognitive Load Theory: intrinsic (inherent task complexity), extraneous (poor instructional design), and germane (effort that contributes to schema construction).
Source: Leppink, J., Paas, F., Van der Vleuten, C. P. M., Van Gog, T., & Van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2013): Development of an instrument for measuring different types of cognitive load. Behavior Research Methods, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 1058–1072.
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Cognitive Problems (CAT-PD: CognitiveProblems))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Cognitive Problems" and target/key label "CAT-PD: CognitiveProblems)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT, Frederick)
A 3-item performance test of the disposition to override an intuitively appealing but incorrect answer with deliberate analytical thinking. Strongly predicts decision-making quality.
Source: Frederick, S. (2005): Cognitive reflection and decision making. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 25–42.
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Cognitive Test Anxiety Scale (CTAS)
A 27-item measure of cognitive test anxiety — the dispositional tendency to experience worrying thoughts before, during, and after evaluation situations. Captures the cognitive (worry) component rather than autonomic arousal.
Source: Cassady, J. C., & Johnson, R. E. (2002): Cognitive test anxiety and academic performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 270–295.
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Collecting, Interest in (ORAIS: Collecting))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Collecting, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Collecting)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Collective identification
Based on different field samples, new measurements are developed for relational identification and collective identification, as two types of group identification (= employee identification developed in organizational workgroups).
Source: Zhang et al. (2014): Relational Versus Collective Identification Within Workgroups: Conceptualization, Measurement Development, and Nomological Network Building. Journal of Management, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 1700–1731
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Collective identification
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Relational identification entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Relational identification. Verify the original source before field use.
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Collectivism
Collectivism was measured with four items taken from Earley (1989).
Source: Zhang et al. (2014): Relational Versus Collective Identification Within Workgroups: Conceptualization, Measurement Development, and Nomological Network Building. Journal of Management, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 1700–1731
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Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS)
A clinician-administered scale assessing suicidal ideation severity, ideation intensity, suicidal behaviour, and lethality. Mandatory in many FDA clinical trials.
Source: Posner, K., Brown, G. K., Stanley, B., Brent, D. A., Yershova, K. V., Oquendo, M. A., Currier, G. W., Melvin, G. A., Greenhill, L., Shen, S., & Mann, J. J. (2011): The Columbia–Suicide Severity Rating Scale: Initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multisite studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 168, No. 12, pp. 1266–1277.
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Commercial uncertainty
Survey items were developed from commonly accepted theoretical definitions and were partially influenced by the efforts of other researchers. The authors used past research to obtain general insights about the constructs as opposed to speci…
Source: Steensma/Corley (2000): On the performance of technology-sourcing partnerships: The interaction between partner interdependence and technology attributes. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 1045-1067.
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Common benefit
The author (1) adopts a coopetition-based approach in theoretically conceptualizing value creation in interfirm alliances as a construct consisting of three dimensions: common benefit, private benefitcooperation, private benefitcompetition …
Source: Rai (201_): A Co-opetition-Based Approach to Value Creation in Interfirm Alliances: Construction of a Measure and Examination of Its Psychometric Properties. Journal of Management, Vol. __, No. __, pp. __-__.
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Communication
Three relational competencies were identified: communication, cooperation and integration.
Source: Wieland/Wallenburg (2013): The Influence of Relational Competencies on Supply Chain Resilience: A Relational View. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 300-320. Adapted from Chen et al. (2004).
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Communication
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Cooperation entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Cooperation. Verify the original source before field use.
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Communication of manufacturing strategy
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Flynn/Flynn (1999): Information-Processing Alternatives for Coping with Manufacturing Environment Complexity. Decision Sciences, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 1021-1052.
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Community-oriented CSR
A multidimensional measure of corporate stakeholder responsibility (CStR) was developed and validated. Hereby, the authors conducted a series of analyses, including exploratory factor analyses, confirmatory factor analyses, and structural e…
Source: El Akremi (201_): How Do Employees Perceive Corporate Responsibility? Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Corporate Stakeholder Responsibility Scale. Journal of Management, Vol. _, No. _, pp. _–_
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Comparative organizational performance
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Bardi et al. (1994): Logistics Information Systems: The Strategic Role of Top Management. Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 71-85.
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Comparative organizational performance
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Cost performance entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Cost performance. Verify the original source before field use.
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Compassion (BFAS: Compassion))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Compassion" and target/key label "BFAS: Compassion)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Compassion (TCI: C1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Compassion" and target/key label "TCI: C1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Compassion Scale (Pommier)
A 24-item measure of dispositional compassion across six subscales: kindness, indifference (reverse), common humanity, separation (reverse), mindfulness, and disengagement (reverse).
Source: Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Tóth-Király, I. (2020): The development and validation of the Compassion Scale. Assessment, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 21–39.
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Competence
Based on a thorough scale development and validation process, the author presents a multidimensional measure of psychological empowerment in the workplace. It consists of four dimensions: meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact.
Source: Spreitzer (1995): Psychological Empowerment in the Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 1442–1465
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Competence (AB5C: V+/III+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Competence" and target/key label "AB5C: V+/III+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Competence (CPI: Py))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Competence" and target/key label "CPI: Py)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Competence (HPI: MP))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Competence" and target/key label "HPI: MP)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Competence (TCI: P2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Competence" and target/key label "TCI: P2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Competence-enhancing, competence-destroying innovation
A comprehensive set of measures is developed to assess an innovation’s locus, type, and characteristics. The measure described on this page is one of these measures. It is found that the concepts of competence destroying and competence enha…
Source: Gatignon et al. (2002): A Structural Approach to Assessing Innovation: Construct Development of Innovation Locus, Type, and Characteristics. Management Science, Vol. 48, No. 9, pp. 1103–1122.
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Competitive and market intelligence
Although certain items of some scales were developed specifically for the Japanese context, many were derived from existing validated scales. Respondents answered all questions using a Likert-type scale ranging from 0 to 10; field research …
Source: Song/Montoya-Weiss (2001): The Effect of Perceived Technological Uncertainty on Japanese New Product Development. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 61-80.
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Competitive and market intelligence
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Marketing proficiency entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Marketing proficiency. Verify the original source before field use.
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Competitive intensity
The authors examined the validity of the measure in a two-step approach recommended by Anderson and Gerbing (1988).
Source: Atuahene-Gima/Li (2002): When does trust matter? Antecedents and contingent effects of supervisee trust on performance in selling new products in China and the United States. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 61-81.
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Competitive priorities
The authors identify key constructs related to supply chain management. Based on a systematic instrument develop process, they develop a set of reliable, valid, and unidimensional measurement scales.
Source: Chen/Paulraj (2004): Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 119–150
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Competitive priority: cost
A common approach to measuring competitive priorities involves using a multiple item list and asking respondents to rate the relative importance of each priority. This scale was originally developed for use in the Boston University Manufact…
Source: Boyer/Pagell (2000): Measurement issues in empirical research: improving measures of operations strategy and advanced manufacturing technology. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 361-374. Also used in: Boyer/Lewis (2002): Competitive Priorities: Investigating the Need for Trade-offs in Operations Strategy. Production and Operations Management, Vol. 11, No. 1.
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Competitive priority: cost
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Competitive priority: delivery entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Competitive priority: delivery. Verify the original source before field use.
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Competitive priority: delivery
A common approach to measuring competitive priorities involves using a multiple item list and asking respondents to rate the relative importance of each priority. This scale was originally developed for use in the Boston University Manufact…
Source: Boyer/Pagell (2000): Measurement issues in empirical research: improving measures of operations strategy and advanced manufacturing technology. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 361-374. Also used in: Boyer/Lewis (2002): Competitive Priorities: Investigating the Need for Trade-offs in Operations Strategy. Production and Operations Management, Vol. 11, No. 1.
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Competitive priority: delivery
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Competitive priority: cost entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Competitive priority: cost. Verify the original source before field use.
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Competitive priority: flexibility
A common approach to measuring competitive priorities involves using a multiple item list and asking respondents to rate the relative importance of each priority. This scale was originally developed for use in the Boston University Manufact…
Source: Boyer/Pagell (2000): Measurement issues in empirical research: improving measures of operations strategy and advanced manufacturing technology. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 361-374. Also used in: Boyer/Lewis (2002): Competitive Priorities: Investigating the Need for Trade-offs in Operations Strategy. Production and Operations Management, Vol. 11, No. 1.
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Competitive priority: quality
A common approach to measuring competitive priorities involves using a multiple item list and asking respondents to rate the relative importance of each priority. This scale was originally developed for use in the Boston University Manufact…
Source: Boyer/Pagell (2000): Measurement issues in empirical research: improving measures of operations strategy and advanced manufacturing technology. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 361-374. Also used in: Boyer/Lewis (2002): Competitive Priorities: Investigating the Need for Trade-offs in Operations Strategy. Production and Operations Management, Vol. 11, No. 1.
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Complexity (16PF: Q1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Complexity" and target/key label "16PF: Q1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Complexity (CPI: Cs))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Complexity" and target/key label "CPI: Cs)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Composite Reliability (Raykov)
A composite reliability estimator that does not assume tau-equivalence (unlike Cronbach's alpha). CR = (Σλ)² / [(Σλ)² + Σθ], where λ are standardized loadings and θ are residual variances.
Source: Raykov, T. (1997): Estimation of composite reliability for congeneric measures. Applied Psychological Measurement, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 173–184.
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Comprehension (6FPQ: OP2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Comprehension" and target/key label "6FPQ: OP2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Comprehension (CPI: Ie))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Comprehension" and target/key label "CPI: Ie)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Compulsive Buying Scale (Faber & O'Guinn)
A 7-item screener for compulsive buying disorder — uncontrolled urge to buy resulting in distress and impairment.
Source: Faber, R. J., & O'Guinn, T. C. (1992): A clinical screener for compulsive buying. Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 459–469.
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Computer Self-Efficacy (Compeau & Higgins)
A 10-item measure of computer self-efficacy — confidence in one's ability to use computers across varying support contexts. Foundational IS measure.
Source: Compeau, D. R., & Higgins, C. A. (1995): Computer self-efficacy: Development of a measure and initial test. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 189–211.
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Computing, Interest in (ORAIS: Computing))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Computing, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Computing)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Concise Conscientiousness Measure (CCM-S)
Conscientiousness means being serious about your work and putting a lot of effort into doing it in a careful way (see Cambridge Dictionary ). According to the psychologist Roberts, it "a broad personality trait describing the tendency to be…
Source: Franzen, P., Arens, A. K., Greiff, S., van der Westhuizen, L., Fischbach, A., Wollschläger, R., & Niepel, C. (2021). Developing and Validating a Short-Form Questionnaire for the Assessment of Seven Facets of Conscientiousness in Large-Scale Assessments. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1–15. Advance online publication. Link to journal | MacCann, C., Duckworth, A. L., & Roberts, R. D. (2009). Empirical identification of the major facets of conscientiousness. Learning and Individual Differences, 19(4) , 451–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2009.03.007
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Conditional Indirect Effect (Moderated Mediation)
A method for testing whether the strength of an indirect effect (a*b) depends on a moderator. The 'index of moderated mediation' quantifies this dependence and is bootstrapped for significance.
Source: Hayes, A. F. (2015): An index and test of linear moderated mediation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 1–22.
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Conflict management
A set of new, multi-item measures are operationalized. The authors define and measure the salient infrastructural competencies – termed business-to-business seller competence (B2B-SC) – associated with the seller-side of Internet-enabled co…
Source: Rosenzweig/Roth (2007): B2B seller competence: Construct development and measurement using a supply chain strategy lens. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 1311-1331.
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Conflict resolution
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Hammervoll (2009): Channel cooperation: a reflective scale. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 301-321. Based on: Kaufmann/Dant (1992), Haugland/Reve (1996).
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Conformity/Dependence/Need for approval (HEX: E-Depe))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Conformity/Dependence/Need for approval" and target/key label "HEX: E-Depe)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Conformity/Dependence/Need for approval (HPI: Not Autonomous HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Conformity/Dependence/Need for approval" and target/key label "HPI: Not Autonomous HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Conformity/Dependence/Need for approval (JPI: Cpr))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Conformity/Dependence/Need for approval" and target/key label "JPI: Cpr)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Conformity/Dependence/Need for approval (TCI: RD4))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Conformity/Dependence/Need for approval" and target/key label "TCI: RD4)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS)
The Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) measures to what degree people feel part of nature ( Mayer & McPherson Frantz, 2004 ). The study shows that this is a personality trait. This trait is predictive of responsible environmental behavior …
Source: Mayer, F.S. & McPherson Frantz, C. (2004). The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24 , 503-515.
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Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10)
A 10-item short form of the original 25-item CD-RISC measuring an individual's ability to cope with adversity. Items are rated on a 5-point scale (0 = not true at all to 4 = true nearly all the time).
Source: Campbell-Sills, L., & Stein, M. B. (2007): Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 1019–1028.
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Conscientiousness (AB5C: III+/III+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Conscientiousness" and target/key label "AB5C: III+/III+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Conscientiousness (BFAS: Conscientiousness))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Conscientiousness" and target/key label "BFAS: Conscientiousness)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Conscientiousness (BFI-2 subscale)
A 12-item subscale of the BFI-2 measuring conscientiousness — organization, productiveness, and responsibility.
Source: Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017): The next Big Five Inventory (BFI-2). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 113, No. 1, pp. 117–143.
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Conscientiousness (Big-7: 525))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Conscientiousness" and target/key label "Big-7: 525)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Conscientiousness (Big-Five Domain))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Conscientiousness" and target/key label "Big-Five Domain)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Conscientiousness (NEO Domain))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Conscientiousness" and target/key label "NEO Domain)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Consensus on appropriation
The research note develops a consensus on appropriation (COA) instrument in the context of electronic meeting systems use. Initial item development, statistical analyses, and validity assessment (convergent, discriminant, and nomological) w…
Source: Salisbury et al. (2002): Research Report: Better Theory Through Measurement - Developing a Scale to Capture Consensus on Appropriation. Information Systems Research, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 91-103.
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Consensus on appropriation
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Ease of use entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Ease of use. Verify the original source before field use.
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Conservatism (6FPQ: ME1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Conservatism" and target/key label "6FPQ: ME1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Conservatism (MPQ: TR))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Conservatism" and target/key label "MPQ: TR)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Conservatism (TCI: ST4))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Conservatism" and target/key label "TCI: ST4)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Conspicuous Consumption Scale
A multi-item measure of conspicuous consumption — purchasing expensive or visible goods to display wealth and social standing.
Source: Marcoux, J.-S., Filiatrault, P., & Cheron, E. (1997): The attitudes underlying preferences of young urban educated Polish consumers towards products made in western countries. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 5–29.
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Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire (CMQ)
A 5-item measure of dispositional belief in conspiracies — the tendency to perceive coordinated covert plots behind societal events.
Source: Bruder, M., Haffke, P., Neave, N., Nouripanah, N., & Imhoff, R. (2013): Measuring individual differences in generic beliefs in conspiracy theories across cultures: Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 4, Article 225.
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Construction/Mechanical Interests (ORVIS: Production))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Construction/Mechanical Interests" and target/key label "ORVIS: Production)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Consumer Brand Engagement (CBE, Hollebeek, Glynn & Brodie)
A 10-item measure of consumer brand engagement across three dimensions: cognitive processing, affection, and activation. Used widely in social-media and engagement-economy research.
Source: Hollebeek, L. D., Glynn, M. S., & Brodie, R. J. (2014): Consumer brand engagement in social media: Conceptualization, scale development and validation. Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 149–165.
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Consumer ethnocentrism
Much effort has been invested in ensuring validity, reliability, and cross-cultural measurement equivalence of a new personal cultural orientations scale. Consumer ethnocentrism and consumer innovativeness for ensuring nomological validity …
Source: Sharma (2010): Measuring Personal Cultural Orientations: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 787–806
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Consumer Ethnocentrism (CETSCALE)
A 17-item measure of consumer ethnocentrism — the belief that purchasing imported products is wrong and harms the domestic economy.
Source: Shimp, T. A., & Sharma, S. (1987): Consumer ethnocentrism: Construction and validation of the CETSCALE. Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 280–289.
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Consumer innovativeness
Much effort has been invested in ensuring validity, reliability, and cross-cultural measurement equivalence of a new personal cultural orientations scale. Consumer ethnocentrism and consumer innovativeness for ensuring nomological validity …
Source: Sharma (2010): Measuring Personal Cultural Orientations: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 787–806
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Consumer Need for Closure
A multi-item adaptation of Webster & Kruglanski's NFC scale to consumer contexts — preference for clear product information, predictability, and decisive choice.
Source: Houghton, D. C., & Grewal, R. (2000): Please, let's get an answer — any answer: Need for consumer cognitive closure. Psychology & Marketing, Vol. 17, No. 11, pp. 911–934.
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Consumer Perceived Value (PERVAL, Sweeney & Soutar)
A 19-item measure of consumer perceived value across four dimensions: emotional, social, functional (price/value for money), and functional (performance/quality). Used widely in consumer-behavior and brand-equity research.
Source: Sweeney, J. C., & Soutar, G. N. (2001): Consumer perceived value: The development of a multiple item scale. Journal of Retailing, Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 203–220.
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Contextual Performance (Borman & Motowidlo)
A 16-item measure of contextual performance — discretionary behaviours that contribute to the organizational, social, and psychological environment in which task performance occurs. Distinct from but overlapping with OCB.
Source: Motowidlo, S. J., & Van Scotter, J. R. (1994): Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 475–480.
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Contingent Reward Leadership (Walumbwa et al.)
A 4-item subscale measuring contingent-reward leadership — clarifying expectations and rewarding compliance, the most effective transactional behaviour.
Source: Walumbwa, F. O., Wu, C., & Orwa, B. (2008): Contingent reward transactional leadership, work attitudes, and organizational citizenship behavior. Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 251–265.
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Continuance Organizational Commitment (TCM, Meyer & Allen)
A 6-item subscale measuring continuance commitment — the awareness of costs associated with leaving the organization (high-sacrifice and few alternatives). Part of the three-component model of commitment.
Source: Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993): Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 78, No. 4, pp. 538–551.
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Continuous flow
The research takes a step toward clarifying the concept of lean production and develops and validates a multi-dimensional measure of lean production. The 10 distinct dimensions of a lean system are continuous flow, customer involvement, emp…
Source: Shah/Ward (2007): Defining and developing measures of lean production. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 785-805.
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Continuous improvement
The authors identify improvement and innovation as two critical plant level capabilities. These capabilities are each conceptualized as a second-order factor and measured through a distinct bundle of routines. The following routines underly…
Source: Peng et al. (2008): Linking routines to operations capabilities: A new perspective. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 730-748. Based on: Cua et al. (2001) and Flynn et al. (1999).
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Contractual completeness
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Handley/Benton (2009): Unlocking the business outsourcing process model. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 344–361.
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Contractual safeguarding
A previously used measure of contractual provisions was used. It contains a list of eight contractual safeguards based on legal literature. For each item it was asked to indicate whether this contractual provision is applied in the respecti…
Source: Raue, J.S. & Wieland, A. (2015): The Interplay of Different Types of Governance in Horizontal Cooperations. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 401–423
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Contribution
It was aimed to measure Leader-Member Exchange (LMX). Therefore a multidimensional measure was developed and validated. Item analysis involving 302 working students, followed by construct and criterion-related validation using 249 employees…
Source: Liden/Maslyn (1998): Multidimensionafity of Leader-Member Exchange: An Empirical Assessment through Scale Development. Journal of Management, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 43-72.
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Cool-headedness (AB5C: IV+/III-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Cool-headedness" and target/key label "AB5C: IV+/III-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Cool-headedness (HPI: Even-tempered HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Cool-headedness" and target/key label "HPI: Even-tempered HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Cooperation
Three relational competencies were identified: communication, cooperation and integration.
Source: Wieland/Wallenburg (2013): The Influence of Relational Competencies on Supply Chain Resilience: A Relational View. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 300-320. Adapted from Morris/Carter (2005).
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Cooperation
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Communication entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Communication. Verify the original source before field use.
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Cooperation (AB5C: II+/I-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Cooperation" and target/key label "AB5C: II+/I-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Cooperation (HPI: REL))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Cooperation" and target/key label "HPI: REL)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Cooperation (NEO: A4))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Cooperation" and target/key label "NEO: A4)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Cooperation-based firm performance
A previously multi-item 7-point scale was used. It was further pretested with six logistics researchers and six executive managers of logistics service providers to ensure face validity.
Source: Raue, J.S. & Wieland, A. (2015): The Interplay of Different Types of Governance in Horizontal Cooperations. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 401–423
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Cooperation-based firm performance
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Alliance performance entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Alliance performance. Verify the original source before field use.
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Cooperation-based learning
A previously multi-item 7-point scale was used. It was further pretested with six logistics researchers and six executive managers of logistics service providers to ensure face validity.
Source: Raue, J.S. & Wieland, A. (2015): The Interplay of Different Types of Governance in Horizontal Cooperations. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 401–423
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Cooperative/Competitive Strategy Scale (CCSS)
People vary in the degree to which they view cooperation and competition as useful strategies to reach their goals. The CCSS, developed by Tang (1999) measures a score for both cooperation and competition (on a scale from 1 to 7). There are…
Source: Tang, S. (1999). Cooperation or competition: A comparison of U.S. and Chinese College students. The Journal of Psychology, 133 , 413-423. | Archer, J. & Webb, I. (2006). The Relation Between Scores on the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire and Aggressive Acts, Impulsiveness, Competitiveness, Dominance, and Sexual Jealousy. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 464-473.
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Coordinated logistics
A set of new, multi-item measures are operationalized. The authors define and measure the salient infrastructural competencies – termed business-to-business seller competence (B2B-SC) – associated with the seller-side of Internet-enabled co…
Source: Rosenzweig/Roth (2007): B2B seller competence: Construct development and measurement using a supply chain strategy lens. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 1311-1331.
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Coordination flexibility in contingent worker skills and behaviors
Based on a thorough scale development and validation process, the authors present a multidimensional measure of the HR flexibility construct. It includes five dimensions: resource flexibility in HR practices, resource flexibility in employe…
Source: Way et al. (2012): Validation of a Multidimensional HR Flexibility Measure. Journal of Management, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. _1098-1131
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Coordination flexibility in employee skills and behaviors
Based on a thorough scale development and validation process, the authors present a multidimensional measure of the HR flexibility construct. It includes five dimensions: resource flexibility in HR practices, resource flexibility in employe…
Source: Way et al. (2015): Validation of a Multidimensional HR Flexibility Measure. Journal of Management, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 1098–1131
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Coordination flexibility in HR practices
Based on a thorough scale development and validation process, the authors present a multidimensional measure of the HR flexibility construct. It includes five dimensions: resource flexibility in HR practices, resource flexibility in employe…
Source: Way, S. A., Tracey, J. B., Fay, C. H., Wright, P. M., Snell, S. A., Chang, S., & Gong, Y. (2015). Validation of a multidimensional HR flexibility measure. Journal of Management, 41(4), 1098-1131.
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Coordination of decision making
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Flynn/Flynn (1999): Information-Processing Alternatives for Coping with Manufacturing Environment Complexity. Decision Sciences, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 1021-1052. Adapted from: Georgopoulous/Mann (1962).
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COPE Inventory (Carver, Scheier & Weintraub)
A 60-item measure of coping strategies across 15 subscales: active coping, planning, suppression of competing activities, restraint, instrumental support, emotional support, positive reinterpretation, acceptance, denial, religion, focus on …
Source: Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989): Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 267–283.
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Core Self-Evaluations Scale (CSES, Judge, Erez, Bono & Thoresen)
A 12-item measure of core self-evaluations — a higher-order trait subsuming self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability (low neuroticism). Predicts job satisfaction, performance, and well-being.
Source: Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, C. J. (2003): The core self-evaluations scale: Development of a measure. Personnel Psychology, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 303–331.
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Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS, Lee)
A 5-item screener for dysfunctional anxiety associated with the COVID-19 crisis. Useful in occupational-health and pandemic-impact research.
Source: Lee, S. A. (2020): Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death Studies, Vol. 44, No. 7, pp. 393–401.
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Corporate Governance Quality (Larcker, Richardson & Tuna)
A multi-item firm-level measure of corporate governance quality across board independence, ownership concentration, executive-pay structure, and disclosure transparency.
Source: Larcker, D. F., Richardson, S. A., & Tuna, I. (2007): Corporate governance, accounting outcomes, and organizational performance. Accounting Review, Vol. 82, No. 4, pp. 963–1008.
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Cost performance
Multi-item constructs served as variables for four performance measures of quality performance, delivery performance, flexibility performance and cost performance. Construct validity was given by satisfactory psychometric properties on cont…
Source: Power et al. (2010): The cultural characteristic of individualism/collectivism: A comparative study of implications for investment in operations between emerging Asian and industrialized Western countries. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 206-222.
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Cost performance, delivery performance, flexibility performance, and quality performance
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Comparative organizational performance entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Comparative organizational performance. Verify the original source before field use.
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Counterproductive Work Behaviour (CWB-C, Spector et al.)
A 33-item measure of counterproductive work behaviours across five dimensions: abuse, production deviance, sabotage, theft, and withdrawal. A more behaviourally specific alternative to Bennett & Robinson (2000) workplace deviance.
Source: Spector, P. E., Fox, S., Penney, L. M., Bruursema, K., Goh, A., & Kessler, S. (2006): The dimensionality of counterproductivity: Are all counterproductive behaviors created equal? Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 446–460.
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Country of Origin Image (Roth & Romeo)
A multi-item measure of perceived country-of-origin image across four dimensions: innovativeness, design, prestige, and workmanship.
Source: Roth, M. S., & Romeo, J. B. (1992): Matching product category and country image perceptions: A framework for managing country-of-origin effects. Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 477–497.
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Couples Satisfaction Index (CSI-16)
A 16-item measure of relationship satisfaction with high precision and minimal floor/ceiling effects. Outperforms older scales on item discrimination.
Source: Funk, J. L., & Rogge, R. D. (2007): Testing the ruler with item response theory: Increasing precision of measurement for relationship satisfaction with the Couples Satisfaction Index. Journal of Family Psychology, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 572–583.
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Courage/Bravery/Valor (VIA: Val))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Courage/Bravery/Valor" and target/key label "VIA: Val)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Creative Self-Efficacy (Tierney & Farmer)
A 3-item measure of an employee's confidence in their ability to produce creative outcomes at work. Predicts creative behaviour and innovative work behaviour.
Source: Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2002): Creative self-efficacy: Its potential antecedents and relationship to creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 1137–1148.
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Creative work-family management
Drawing on social support theory and using data from two samples of lower wage workers, the authors develop and validate a measure of family supportive supervisor behaviors (FSSB). FSSB is conceptualized as a multidimensional superordinate …
Source: Hammer et al. (2009): Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure of Family Supportive Supervisor Behaviors (FSSB). Journal of Management, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 837-856.
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Creativity/Originality (AB5C: V+/II-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Creativity/Originality" and target/key label "AB5C: V+/II-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Creativity/Originality (HEX: O-Crea))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Creativity/Originality" and target/key label "HEX: O-Crea)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Creativity/Originality (HPI: Int))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Creativity/Originality" and target/key label "HPI: Int)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Creativity/Originality (ORAIS: Creativity))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Creativity/Originality" and target/key label "ORAIS: Creativity)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Creativity/Originality (ORVIS: Creativity))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Creativity/Originality" and target/key label "ORVIS: Creativity)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Creativity/Originality (VIA: Ori))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Creativity/Originality" and target/key label "VIA: Ori)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Credibility
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Min/Mentzer (2004): Developing and measuring supply chain management concepts. Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 63-99.
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Critical Social Justice Scale (CSJAS)
This scale measures wokeness and was developed by Oskari Lahtinen (2024) . In the study, wokeness is based on an earlier definition by Sensoy and DiAngelo (2017) :
Source: Lahtinen, O. (2024). Construction and validation of a scale for assessing critical social justice attitudes. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 2024, 65, 693–705. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.13018 . Link to study | Dutton, E. and Kirkegaard, E. (2024), Do conservatives really have an advantage in mental health? An examination of measurement invariance. Scand J Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.13065 | DiAngelo, R. (2018). White fragility: Why it's so hard for white people to talk about racism. Boston: Beacon Press.
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Cross-Cultural Adjustment (Black & Stephens)
A 14-item measure of expatriate adjustment across three facets: general adjustment to the new country, interaction adjustment with locals, and work adjustment to the new role. Foundational in expatriate management research.
Source: Black, J. S., & Stephens, G. K. (1989): The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment and intent to stay in Pacific Rim overseas assignments. Journal of Management, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 529–544.
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Cross-Cultural Communication Competence (Chen)
A multi-item measure of cross-cultural communication competence — knowledge of cultural differences, sensitivity to them, and effective communication across cultures.
Source: Chen, G.-M., & Starosta, W. J. (2000): The development and validation of the intercultural communication sensitivity scale. Human Communication, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1–15.
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Cross-functional integration
Zacharia & Mentzer’s (2004) and Daugherty et al.’s (2009) scales were used to measure cross-functional integration.
Source: Bühler/Wallenburg/Wieland (2016): Accounting for External Turbulence of Logistics Organizations via Performance Measurement Systems. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 21, No. 6
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Cross-functional product design
The authors identify improvement and innovation as two critical plant level capabilities. These capabilities are each conceptualized as a second-order factor and measured through a distinct bundle of routines. The following routines underly…
Source: Peng et al. (2008): Linking routines to operations capabilities: A new perspective. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 730-748. Based on: Sakakibara et al. (1997).
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Cross-functional product design
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Interfunctional design process entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Interfunctional design process. Verify the original source before field use.
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Cross-functional teams
The authors identify key constructs related to supply chain management. Based on a systematic instrument develop process, they develop a set of reliable, valid, and unidimensional measurement scales.
Source: Chen/Paulraj (2004): Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 119–150
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CSR Perceptions (Turker)
A 17-item measure of perceived CSR across four stakeholder targets: social and non-social stakeholders, employees, customers, and government.
Source: Turker, D. (2009): Measuring corporate social responsibility: A scale development study. Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 411–427.
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Cultural Distance Index (Kogut & Singh)
A formula that aggregates absolute differences between countries on Hofstede dimensions into a single cultural-distance index. Used widely in international business and FDI research.
Source: Kogut, B., & Singh, H. (1988): The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode. Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 411–432.
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Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS, Ang et al.)
A 20-item measure of cultural intelligence (CQ) across four dimensions: metacognitive, cognitive, motivational, and behavioural. Predicts cross-cultural adjustment, performance, and decision-making.
Source: Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K. Y., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. (2007): Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Review, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 335–371.
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Cultural Metacognition (Mosakowski)
A multi-item measure of cultural metacognition — awareness of and reflection on one's own cultural assumptions during cross-cultural interactions.
Source: Mosakowski, E., & Earley, P. C. (2005): The cultural intelligence framework: Implications for cross-cultural research. Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 56, pp. 401–421.
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Cultural Novelty (Black & Stephens)
A 4-item measure of perceived cultural novelty — how different the host country is from the home country. Strong moderator of cross-cultural adjustment.
Source: Black, J. S., & Stephens, G. K. (1989): The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment in Pacific Rim overseas assignments. Journal of Management, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 529–544.
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Cultural Tightness–Looseness (Gelfand et al.)
A 6-item measure of perceived tightness or looseness of social norms in a culture. Tight cultures have strong norms and low tolerance of deviance; loose cultures have weak norms and high tolerance. Measures perceived rather than enacted nor…
Source: Gelfand, M. J., Raver, J. L., Nishii, L., Leslie, L. M., Lun, J., Lim, B. C., et al. (2011): Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study. Science, Vol. 332, No. 6033, pp. 1100–1104.
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Culture (6FPQ: OP3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Culture" and target/key label "6FPQ: OP3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Culture (ORAIS: Culture))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Culture" and target/key label "ORAIS: Culture)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Curiosity (HPI: Curiosity HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Curiosity" and target/key label "HPI: Curiosity HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Curiosity (HPI: Science Ability HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Curiosity" and target/key label "HPI: Science Ability HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Curiosity (VIA: Cur))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Curiosity" and target/key label "VIA: Cur)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II (CEI-II)
A 10-item measure of dispositional curiosity across two factors: stretching (active seeking of new experiences) and embracing (willingness to embrace novel and uncertain events).
Source: Kashdan, T. B., Gallagher, M. W., Silvia, P. J., Winterstein, B. P., Breen, W. E., Terhar, D., & Steger, M. F. (2009): The Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-II: Development, factor structure, and psychometrics. Journal of Research in Personality, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 987–998.
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Customer Co-Creation Behavior (DART)
A multi-item measure of customer co-creation behaviour across the DART framework: dialogue, access, risk-benefits, and transparency.
Source: Prahalad, C. K., & Ramaswamy, V. (2004): Co-creation experiences: The next practice in value creation. Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 5–14.
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Customer Delight (Oliver, Rust & Varki)
A multi-item measure of customer delight — a profound emotional state distinct from satisfaction, characterized by joy combined with surprise.
Source: Oliver, R. L., Rust, R. T., & Varki, S. (1997): Customer delight: Foundations, findings, and managerial insight. Journal of Retailing, Vol. 73, No. 3, pp. 311–336.
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Customer Experience (CX)
A multi-item measure of customer experience across the full journey: pre-purchase, purchase, post-purchase, capturing cognitive, emotional, sensorial, social, and behavioural responses to firm-controlled and non-controlled touchpoints.
Source: Lemon, K. N., & Verhoef, P. C. (2016): Understanding customer experience throughout the customer journey. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 80, No. 6, pp. 69–96.
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Customer focus
Through a detailed analysis of the literature, twelve constructs of integrated quality management strategies were identified: top management commitment, customer focus, supplier quality management, design quality management, benchmarking, S…
Source: Ahire et al. (1996): Development and Validation of TQM Implementation Constructs. Decision Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 23-56.
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Customer focus
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Customer interaction entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Customer interaction. Verify the original source before field use.
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Customer interaction
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Flynn et al. (1994): A framework for quality management research and an associated measurement instrument. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 339-366.
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Customer involvement
The research takes a step toward clarifying the concept of lean production and develops and validates a multi-dimensional measure of lean production. The 10 distinct dimensions of a lean system are continuous flow, customer involvement, emp…
Source: Shah/Ward (2007): Defining and developing measures of lean production. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 785-805.
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Customer involvement
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Customer focus entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Customer focus. Verify the original source before field use.
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Customer Loyalty Four-Stage Model (Oliver)
A multi-item measure of customer loyalty across four stages: cognitive (information-based), affective (liking), conative (intention), and action (behaviour).
Source: Oliver, R. L. (1999): Whence consumer loyalty? Journal of Marketing, Vol. 63 (Special Issue), pp. 33–44.
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Customer Mistreatment (Wang Liao Zhan Shi)
A multi-item measure of customer mistreatment of frontline employees — verbal aggression, unreasonable demands, and condescension. Strong predictor of strain and burnout in service contexts.
Source: Wang, M., Liao, H., Zhan, Y., & Shi, J. (2011): Daily customer mistreatment and employee sabotage against customers: Examining emotion and resource perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 312–334.
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Customer orientation
Narver & Slater’s (1990) scale was used to measure customer orientation.
Source: Bühler/Wallenburg/Wieland (2016): Accounting for External Turbulence of Logistics Organizations via Performance Measurement Systems. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 21, No. 6
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Customer orientation
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Customer responsiveness entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Customer responsiveness. Verify the original source before field use.
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Customer responsiveness
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Bernardes (2009): The Effect of Supply Chain Management on Aspects of Social Capital and the Impact on Performance: A Social Network Perspective. Journal of Supply Chain Management, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 45-55.
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Customer responsiveness
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Customer orientation entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Customer orientation. Verify the original source before field use.
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Customer satisfaction
A previously used scale by Maxham & Netemeyer (2002) was adapted to measure customer satisfaction.
Source: Walsh & Beatty (2007): Customer-based Corporate Reputation of a Service Firm: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 127-143.
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Customer Satisfaction (ACSI items)
A 3-item measure of overall customer satisfaction adapted from the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) framework: overall satisfaction, expectation disconfirmation, and ideal-product comparison. The dominant short measure in service…
Source: Fornell, C., Johnson, M. D., Anderson, E. W., Cha, J., & Bryant, B. E. (1996): The American Customer Satisfaction Index: Nature, purpose, and findings. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 7–18.
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Customer-Brand Identification (Stokburger-Sauer)
A 10-item measure of consumer identification with a brand — perceived oneness with the brand and brand prestige. Stronger predictor of advocacy than brand attachment.
Source: Stokburger-Sauer, N., Ratneshwar, S., & Sen, S. (2012): Drivers of consumer–brand identification. International Journal of Research in Marketing, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 406–418.
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Customer-oriented CSR
A multidimensional measure of corporate stakeholder responsibility (CStR) was developed and validated. Hereby, the authors conducted a series of analyses, including exploratory factor analyses, confirmatory factor analyses, and structural e…
Source: El Akremi (201_): How Do Employees Perceive Corporate Responsibility? Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Corporate Stakeholder Responsibility Scale. Journal of Management, Vol. _, No. _, pp. _–_
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CVSCALE: Individual-Level Cultural Values (Yoo, Donthu & Lenartowicz)
A 26-item measure of Hofstede's five cultural dimensions at the individual level: Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Collectivism, Masculinity, and Long-Term Orientation. Designed to address the criticism that VSM should not be used at …
Source: Yoo, B., Donthu, N., & Lenartowicz, T. (2011): Measuring Hofstede's five dimensions of cultural values at the individual level: Development and validation of CVSCALE. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, Vol. 23, No. 3–4, pp. 193–210.
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Cybersecurity Awareness Scale
A multi-item measure of employee cybersecurity awareness — knowledge of risks and intention to follow cybersecurity policies.
Source: Parsons, K., Calic, D., Pattinson, M., Butavicius, M., McCormac, A., & Zwaans, T. (2017): The Human Aspects of Information Security Questionnaire (HAIS-Q). Computers & Security, Vol. 66, pp. 40–51.
D
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Daily Engagement (UWES daily diary)
A 9-item adaptation of UWES-9 for daily-diary studies, asking about engagement on the specific day.
Source: Sonnentag, S. (2003): Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: A new look at the interface between non-work and work. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88, No. 3, pp. 518–528.
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Day Reconstruction Method (DRM, Kahneman et al.)
A diary method for reconstructing affective experience by listing the previous day's episodes and rating each on affect, time, and activity. Captures momentary well-being more accurately than global self-reports.
Source: Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D. A., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2004): A survey method for characterizing daily life experience: The Day Reconstruction Method. Science, Vol. 306, No. 5702, pp. 1776–1780.
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De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJG-6)
A 6-item measure of loneliness with two subscales: emotional loneliness and social loneliness. Widely used in aging research.
Source: De Jong Gierveld, J., & Van Tilburg, T. (2006): A 6-item scale for overall, emotional, and social loneliness. Research on Aging, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 582–598.
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Death Anxiety Scale (Templer)
A 15-item True/False measure of death anxiety — fear and apprehension regarding death. Used in clinical, palliative-care, and existential research.
Source: Templer, D. I. (1970): The construction and validation of a death anxiety scale. Journal of General Psychology, Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 165–177.
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Decent Work Scale (Duffy et al.)
A 15-item measure of decent work across five facets: physical and interpersonally safe working conditions, hours that allow for free time and rest, organizational values that complement family/social values, adequate compensation, and acces…
Source: Duffy, R. D., Allan, B. A., England, J. W., Blustein, D. L., Autin, K. L., Douglass, R. P., Ferreira, J., & Santos, E. J. R. (2017): The development and initial validation of the Decent Work Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 206–221.
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Decision Authority (Karasek)
A 3-item subscale of Karasek JCQ measuring authority over decisions at work — control over how to do the job.
Source: Karasek, R. A. (1985): Job Content Questionnaire and User's Guide. University of Massachusetts Lowell.
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Deepfake Detection Confidence
A multi-item measure of users' confidence in their ability to identify deepfakes (AI-generated synthetic media). Captures both subjective confidence and behavioural willingness to verify.
Source: Köbis, N. C., Doležalová, B., & Soraperra, I. (2021): Fooled twice: People cannot detect deepfakes but think they can. iScience, Vol. 24, No. 11, Article 103364.
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Defining Issues Test-2 (DIT-2)
A scenario-based measure of post-conventional moral reasoning. Participants rank considerations across moral dilemmas; scoring derives a P-score (post-conventional reasoning index) and N2-score.
Source: Rest, J. R., Narvaez, D., Thoma, S. J., & Bebeau, M. J. (1999): DIT-2: Devising and testing a revised instrument of moral judgment. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 91, No. 4, pp. 644–659.
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Deliberateness (6FPQ: ME2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Deliberateness" and target/key label "6FPQ: ME2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Delivery performance
Multi-item constructs served as variables for four performance measures of quality performance, delivery performance, flexibility performance and cost performance. Construct validity was given by satisfactory psychometric properties on cont…
Source: Power et al. (2010): The cultural characteristic of individualism/collectivism: A comparative study of implications for investment in operations between emerging Asian and industrialized Western countries. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 206-222.
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Demand uncertainty
The authors identify key constructs related to supply chain management. Based on a systematic instrument develop process, they develop a set of reliable, valid, and unidimensional measurement scales.
Source: Chen/Paulraj (2004): Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 119–150
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Denison Organizational Culture Survey (DOCS)
A 60-item measure of organizational culture across four traits — involvement, consistency, adaptability, and mission — each with three indices.
Source: Denison, D. R., & Mishra, A. K. (1995): Toward a theory of organizational culture and effectiveness. Organization Science, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 204–223.
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Dependence
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Bode et al. (2011): Understanding responses to supply chain disruptions: Insights from information processing and resource dependence perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 54. Previously used in: Jap/Ganesan (2000).
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Dependence
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Buyer dependence entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Buyer dependence. Verify the original source before field use.
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Dependence/Conformity/Need for Approval (HEX: E-Depe))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Dependence/Conformity/Need for Approval" and target/key label "HEX: E-Depe)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Dependence/Conformity/Need for Approval (HPI: Not Autonomous HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Dependence/Conformity/Need for Approval" and target/key label "HPI: Not Autonomous HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Dependence/Conformity/Need for Approval (JPI: Cpr))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Dependence/Conformity/Need for Approval" and target/key label "JPI: Cpr)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Dependence/Conformity/Need for Approval (TCI: RD4))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Dependence/Conformity/Need for Approval" and target/key label "TCI: RD4)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Depression (CAT-PD: Depressiveness))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Depression" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Depressiveness)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Depression (CES-D: Radloff, 1977))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Depression" and target/key label "CES-D: Radloff, 1977)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Depression (NEO: N3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Depression" and target/key label "NEO: N3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS)
Depression, anxiety, and stress are all negative feelings. The University of New South Wales in Australia developed a questionnaire to measure all three of them using one questionnaire, known as DASS.
Source: Official webpage | Lovibond, S.H. & Lovibond, P.F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety & Stress Scales. (2 Ed.)Sydney: Psychology Foundation.
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Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21)
A 21-item self-report measure with 7-item subscales for depression, anxiety, and stress. Highly used in cross-cultural research.
Source: Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995): Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.). Sydney: Psychology Foundation.
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Depth (AB5C: V+/IV-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Depth" and target/key label "AB5C: V+/IV-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Depth (CPI: Em))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Depth" and target/key label "CPI: Em)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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DERS-16 Short Form
A 16-item short form of DERS measuring difficulties in emotion regulation across five subscales: clarity, goals, impulse, strategies, and nonacceptance.
Source: Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L. G., Bjärehed, J., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., Hellner Gumpert, C., & Gratz, K. L. (2016): Development and validation of a brief version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: The DERS-16. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 284–296.
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Design quality management
Through a detailed analysis of the literature, twelve constructs of integrated quality management strategies were identified: top management commitment, customer focus, supplier quality management, design quality management, benchmarking, S…
Source: Ahire et al. (1996): Development and Validation of TQM Implementation Constructs. Decision Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 23-56.
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Desire for control
A new measure of Machiavellianism, the Machiavellian Personality Scale (MPS), was developed and validated over two studies. Machiavellianism is conceptualized as one's propensity to distrust others, engage in amoral manipulation, seek contr…
Source: Dahling et al. (2009): The Development and Validation of a New Machiavellianism Scale. Journal of Management, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 219-257.
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Desire for status
A new measure of Machiavellianism, the Machiavellian Personality Scale (MPS), was developed and validated over two studies. Machiavellianism is conceptualized as one's propensity to distrust others, engage in amoral manipulation, seek contr…
Source: Dahling et al. (2009): The Development and Validation of a New Machiavellianism Scale. Journal of Management, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 219-257.
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Despotic Leadership (De Hoogh & Den Hartog)
A 6-item measure of despotic leadership — authoritarian, controlling, dominating, and unethical leadership oriented toward leader self-interest. A dark-side counterpart to ethical leadership.
Source: De Hoogh, A. H. B., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2008): Ethical and despotic leadership, relationships with leader's social responsibility, top management team effectiveness and subordinates' optimism: A multi-method study. Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 297–311.
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Destructive Leadership Behaviour (DLB, Aasland et al.)
A measure of destructive leadership behaviour across five categories: tyrannical, derailed, supportive-disloyal, laissez-faire, and constructive (the contrast). Captures the multidimensional nature of destructive leadership.
Source: Aasland, M. S., Skogstad, A., Notelaers, G., Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2010): The prevalence of destructive leadership behaviour. British Journal of Management, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 438–452.
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Devaluation-Discrimination Scale (DSS, Link)
A 12-item measure of perceived public stigma toward people with mental illness, capturing devaluation and discrimination beliefs. Used widely in workplace mental-health research.
Source: Link, B. G., Cullen, F. T., Struening, E., Shrout, P. E., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (1989): A modified labeling theory approach to mental disorders: An empirical assessment. American Sociological Review, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 400–423.
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Developmental Network (Higgins & Kram)
A multi-item measure of the size, range, and density of an individual's developmental network — the constellation of people who provide career and psychosocial support.
Source: Higgins, M. C., & Kram, K. E. (2001): Reconceptualizing mentoring at work: A developmental network perspective. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 264–288.
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Diabetes Empowerment Scale (DES-SF)
An 8-item short form measuring psychosocial self-efficacy in managing diabetes. Useful in workplace wellness and chronic-disease management research.
Source: Anderson, R. M., Fitzgerald, J. T., Gruppen, L. D., Funnell, M. M., & Oh, M. S. (2003): The Diabetes Empowerment Scale-Short Form (DES-SF). Diabetes Care, Vol. 26, No. 5, p. 1641.
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Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (Revised)
Diabetes refers two different types of diseases that cause a disruption of blood glucose levels. People with type 1 diabetes need to inject insulin to replace the lack of insulin produced by the body.
Source: Schmitt A, Kulzer B, Ehrmann D, Haak T, Hermanns N. A self-report measure of diabetes self- management for type 1 and type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire-Revised (DSMQ-R) – Clinimetric evidence from five studies. Front Clin Diabetes Healthc (2022). Free Open Access Link
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Differential Emotions Scale (DES-IV, Izard)
A 30-item measure of 10 fundamental discrete emotions: interest, joy, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame/shyness, guilt. Each emotion has 3 items.
Source: Izard, C. E., Libero, D. Z., Putnam, P., & Haynes, O. M. (1993): Stability of emotion experiences and their relations to traits of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 64, No. 5, pp. 847–860.
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Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS)
A 36-item measure of difficulties in emotion regulation across six subscales: nonacceptance, goals, impulse, awareness, strategies, and clarity.
Source: Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004): Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 41–54.
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DigComp Digital Competence
A multi-item self-report measure of digital competence aligned with the European DigComp framework: information & data literacy, communication & collaboration, digital content creation, safety, and problem solving.
Source: Carretero Gomez, S., Vuorikari, R., & Punie, Y. (2017): DigComp 2.1: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens. Publications Office of the European Union.
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Digital Transformation Readiness
A multi-item firm-level measure of readiness for digital transformation across leadership, culture, capabilities, and resources.
Source: Vial, G. (2019): Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 118–144.
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Diligence (HEX: C-Dili))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Diligence" and target/key label "HEX: C-Dili)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Disorderliness (CPI: Fx))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Disorderliness" and target/key label "CPI: Fx)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Disparagement (IPIP-IPC: Arrogant-Calculating))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Disparagement" and target/key label "IPIP-IPC: Arrogant-Calculating)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Dispositional Awe Scale
A multi-item measure of dispositional propensity to experience awe — feeling small in the presence of vastness that requires cognitive accommodation.
Source: Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (2003): Approaching awe, a moral, spiritual, and aesthetic emotion. Cognition and Emotion, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 297–314.
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Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS-15, Bartone)
A 15-item measure of psychological hardiness across three facets: commitment, control, and challenge. Originally developed for military and high-stress contexts.
Source: Bartone, P. T. (2007): Test-retest reliability of the Dispositional Resilience Scale-15. Psychological Reports, Vol. 101, No. 3, pp. 943–944.
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Disruption impact
A scale to measure disruption impact was adapted from Bode et al. (2011).
Source: Ambulkar/Blackhurst/Grawe (2015): Firm’s resilience to supply chain disruptions: Scale development and empirical examination. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 33–34, pp. 111–122
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Dissociation (Dissociation: Goldberg, 1999))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Dissociation" and target/key label "Dissociation: Goldberg, 1999)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Dissociative Experiences Scale-II (DES-II)
A 28-item measure of dissociative experiences including amnesia, depersonalization, derealization, absorption, and identity disturbance.
Source: Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986): Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 174, No. 12, pp. 727–735.
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Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS)
A 15-item measure of perceived ability to tolerate emotional distress across four facets: tolerance, appraisal, absorption, and regulation.
Source: Simons, J. S., & Gaher, R. M. (2005): The Distress Tolerance Scale: Development and validation of a self-report measure. Motivation and Emotion, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 83–102.
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Distribution service performance
Distribution service performance was measured with Ellinger et al.’s (2000) scale. One item (“notifying customers in advance”) was replaced with an item from Stank et al.’s (2001) scale.
Source: Bühler/Wallenburg/Wieland (2016): Accounting for External Turbulence of Logistics Organizations via Performance Measurement Systems. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 21, No. 6
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Distributive justice
Four dimensions of organizational justice were measured with a scale developed and validated by Colquitt (2001): procedual, distributive, interpersonal, and informational justice. The scale ranged from 1 (to a very small extent) to 5 (to a …
Source: Colquitt/Rodell (2011): Justice, trust, and trustworthiness: A longitudinal analysis integrating three theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 1183–1206
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Distributive justice
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Informational justice entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Informational justice. Verify the original source before field use.
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Distrust (16PF: L))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Distrust" and target/key label "16PF: L)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Distrust (MPQ: AL))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Distrust" and target/key label "MPQ: AL)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Distrust of others
A new measure of Machiavellianism, the Machiavellian Personality Scale (MPS), was developed and validated over two studies. Machiavellianism is conceptualized as one's propensity to distrust others, engage in amoral manipulation, seek contr…
Source: Dahling et al. (2009): The Development and Validation of a New Machiavellianism Scale. Journal of Management, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 219-257.
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Distrust of others
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Supervisee trust entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Supervisee trust. Verify the original source before field use.
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Diversity Climate (McKay, Avery & Morris)
A 4-item measure of employee perceptions of the organization's pro-diversity practices and norms. Used extensively in DEI, HR-attribution, and unit-level performance research.
Source: McKay, P. F., Avery, D. R., & Morris, M. A. (2008): Mean racial-ethnic differences in employee sales performance: The moderating role of diversity climate. Personnel Psychology, Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 349–374.
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Docility (6FPQ: AG1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Docility" and target/key label "6FPQ: AG1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale (DOSPERT)
A 30-item measure of risk-taking behaviour and risk perception across five content domains: ethical, financial, health/safety, recreational, and social.
Source: Blais, A.-R., & Weber, E. U. (2006): A Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (DOSPERT) scale for adult populations. Judgment and Decision Making, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 33–47.
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Dominance (CAT-PD: Domineering))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Dominance" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Domineering)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Dominance (CPI: Nar))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Dominance" and target/key label "CPI: Nar)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Dominance (IPIP-IPC: Assured-Dominant))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Dominance" and target/key label "IPIP-IPC: Assured-Dominant)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Dominance Scale (for relationship research)
Do you like dominant people? Probably not! Dominance is a negatively viewed trait, and it is a trait that plays an important role psychological studies about partner violence ( Shamby, 1996 ). People that beat their partners up are often do…
Source: Hamby, S. L., (1996). The dominance scale: Preliminary Psychometric Properties. Violence and Victims, 11 , 199-212. Link to paper online .
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Drinking Motives Questionnaire, Revised (DMQ-R)
According to some alcohol and drug researchers, alcohol is the most harmful drug around. This point was made in an influential study by Nutt and colleagues (2010) . The level of alcohol consumption is of great concern, even more so in adole…
Source: Cooper, M. L. (1994). Motivations for Alcohol Use Among Adolescents: Development and Validation of a Four-Factor Model. Psychological Assessment, 6(2) , 117-128. | Web resources about the scale | Kuntsche, E, Knibbe, R., Gmel, G, Engels, R (2006). Replication and Validation of the Drinking Motive Questionnaire Revised (DMQ-R, Cooper, 1994) among Adolescents in Switzerland. European Addiction Research, 12 , 161-168. | Kuntsche E and Kuntsche S. (2009). Development and validation of the Drinking Motive Questionnaire Revised Short Form (DMQ-R SF). Journal of Clinincal Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38 , 899-908. | Nutt, D. J., King, L. A., & Phillips, L. D. (2010). Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. Lancet, 376 , 1558-1565. | Seitz, H.K., Pelucchi C., Bagnardi, V. & La Vecchia, C. (2012). Epidemiology and pathophysiology of alcohol and breast cancer: Update 2012. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 47 , 2014-2012. | Yoneyama, K. & Lima, J.A.C. Alcohol Consumption and Myocardial Remodeling in Elderly Women and Men. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging, 8 , e003523.
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Drinking, Interest in (ORAIS: Drinking))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Drinking, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Drinking)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Drive/Ambition (BAS-Drive: Carver & White, 1994))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Drive/Ambition" and target/key label "BAS-Drive: Carver & White, 1994)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10)
A 10-item self-report screener for drug abuse and dependence in the past 12 months. Score ≥ 3 indicates problematic drug use.
Source: Skinner, H. A. (1982): The drug abuse screening test. Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 363–371.
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Dutch Boredom Scale (DUBS, Reijseger)
A 6-item measure of work-related boredom — the unpleasant state of underarousal and dissatisfaction stemming from understimulating work.
Source: Reijseger, G., Schaufeli, W. B., Peeters, M. C. W., Taris, T. W., Van Beek, I., & Ouweneel, E. (2013): Watching the paint dry at work: Psychometric examination of the Dutch Boredom Scale. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 508–525.
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Dutch Test for Conflict Handling (DUTCH)
A 20-item measure of five conflict-handling styles: yielding, compromising, forcing, problem solving, and avoiding. European alternative to TKI and ROCI-II.
Source: Van de Vliert, E., & Euwema, M. C. (1994): Agreeableness and activeness as components of conflict behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 66, No. 4, pp. 674–687.
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Dutifulness (16PF: G))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Dutifulness" and target/key label "16PF: G)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Dutifulness (AB5C: III+/II+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Dutifulness" and target/key label "AB5C: III+/II+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Dutifulness (CPI: V2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Dutifulness" and target/key label "CPI: V2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Dutifulness (HPI: Avoids Trouble HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Dutifulness" and target/key label "HPI: Avoids Trouble HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Dutifulness (HPI: Pru))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Dutifulness" and target/key label "HPI: Pru)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Dutifulness (NEO: C3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Dutifulness" and target/key label "NEO: C3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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DUWAS Short Form
A 10-item short form of the DUWAS measuring working excessively (5) and working compulsively (5). Used widely in occupational-health research.
Source: Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A., & Taris, T. W. (2009): Being driven to work excessively hard. Cross-Cultural Research, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 320–348.
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Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS)
A 32-item measure of marital adjustment across four subscales: dyadic consensus, dyadic satisfaction, dyadic cohesion, and affectional expression.
Source: Spanier, G. B. (1976): Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 15–28.
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Dynamic Capabilities (Teece-based)
A multi-item measure of dynamic capabilities across three categories: sensing (identifying opportunities), seizing (capturing opportunities), and transforming (reconfiguring resources).
Source: Teece, D. J. (2007): Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 28, No. 13, pp. 1319–1350.
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Dyslexia checklist
Dyslexia is a common difficulty with reading. The British Dyslexia Association has many useful links . One of their links is to the Dyslexia checklist, designed by Ian Smythe and John Everatt (2001).
Source: PsyToolkit survey library page with background, links, and references.
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E-Loyalty (Cyr et al.)
A 4-item measure of e-loyalty — the intention of online consumers to repurchase from and recommend a website. Used widely in e-commerce, online-banking, and digital-platform research.
Source: Cyr, D., Hassanein, K., Head, M., & Ivanov, A. (2007): The role of social presence in establishing loyalty in e-service environments. Interacting with Computers, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 43–56.
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E-Service Quality (E-S-QUAL, Parasuraman, Zeithaml & Malhotra)
A 22-item measure of e-service quality across four dimensions: efficiency, fulfilment, system availability, and privacy. Designed for online retailing and digital services. Complemented by E-RecS-QUAL for service-recovery situations.
Source: Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Malhotra, A. (2005): E-S-QUAL: A multiple-item scale for assessing electronic service quality. Journal of Service Research, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 213–233.
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Earnings Management Acceptability
A multi-item measure of how acceptable various earnings-management practices are perceived to be — accruals manipulation, real-activities manipulation, and disclosure timing.
Source: Bruns, W. J., & Merchant, K. A. (1990): The dangerous morality of managing earnings. Management Accounting, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. 22–25.
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Ease of use
Nearly all prior studies on the technology acceptance model (TAM) have used Likert scales to measure the model’s constructs. In the research a semantic differential scale was developed for the TAM components usefulness and ease of use. The …
Source: Chin et al. (2008): A Fast Form Approach to Measuring Technology Acceptance and Other Constructs. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 687-703.
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Ease of use
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Consensus on appropriation entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Consensus on appropriation. Verify the original source before field use.
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Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26)
A 26-item screener for disordered eating attitudes and behaviours, including dieting, bulimia, and oral control. Total score ≥ 20 indicates risk.
Source: Garner, D. M., Olmsted, M. P., Bohr, Y., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1982): The Eating Attitudes Test: Psychometric features and clinical correlates. Psychological Medicine, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 871–878.
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Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q)
A 28-item self-report measure of eating-disorder psychopathology in the past 28 days across four subscales: restraint, eating concern, shape concern, and weight concern.
Source: Fairburn, C. G., & Beglin, S. J. (2008): Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q 6.0). In C. G. Fairburn (Ed.), Cognitive behavior therapy and eating disorders (pp. 309–313). Guilford.
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Ecologically Conscious Consumer Behaviour (ECCB, Roberts)
A 30-item measure of ecologically conscious consumer behaviour — purchase, use, and disposal behaviours that take environmental impact into account. Used widely in CSR, green-marketing, and ESG research.
Source: Roberts, J. A. (1996): Green consumers in the 1990s: Profile and implications for advertising. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 217–231.
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Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
Postnatal depression (or also known as postpartum depression , PPD) is a type of depression following childbirth. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a well known short questionnaire used to check if a mother might suffer fro…
Source: Cox, J.L., Holden, J.M., and Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry , 150, 782-786.
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Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
A 10-item self-report screener for postnatal depression in mothers, with a recommended cutoff of 12/13. Widely used in maternity-leave and family-policy research.
Source: Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987): Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 150, No. 6, pp. 782–786.
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Effect uncertainty
An important contribution to the literature on perceived environmental uncertainty (PEU) is Milliken's (1987) distinction between state uncertainty, effect uncertainty, and response uncertainty. Using a two-phase empirical study, this resea…
Source: Ashill/Jobber (2010): Measuring State, Effect, and Response Uncertainty: Theoretical Construct Development and Empirical Validation. Journal of Management, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 1278-1308.
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Effect uncertainty
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Response uncertainty entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Response uncertainty. Verify the original source before field use.
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Effectuation Approach (Sarasvathy)
A multi-item measure of effectuation logic in entrepreneurial decision-making across four principles: bird-in-hand (means-driven), affordable loss, lemonade (leveraging contingencies), and crazy quilt (partnerships).
Source: Chandler, G. N., DeTienne, D. R., McKelvie, A., & Mumford, T. V. (2011): Causation and effectuation processes: A validation study. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 375–390.
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Efficiency (AB5C: III+/I+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Efficiency" and target/key label "AB5C: III+/I+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Effort–Reward Imbalance (ERI, Siegrist)
A 22-item (or 16-item short form) measure of three components: effort, reward, and overcommitment. The ERI ratio (effort × c / reward) operationalizes Siegrist's model of work-related stress and is widely used in occupational-health researc…
Source: Siegrist, J., Starke, D., Chandola, T., Godin, I., Marmot, M., Niedhammer, I., & Peter, R. (2004): The measurement of effort-reward imbalance at work: European comparisons. Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 58, No. 8, pp. 1483–1499.
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Egalitarianism (Katz & Hass)
A 10-item measure of egalitarian values — support for equal opportunity, mutual responsibility, and concern for others' welfare.
Source: Katz, I., & Hass, R. G. (1988): Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 55, No. 6, pp. 893–905.
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Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ, Gross & John)
A 10-item measure of two emotion-regulation strategies: cognitive reappraisal (changing how one thinks about a situation) and expressive suppression (inhibiting the outward expression of emotion).
Source: Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003): Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 348–362.
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Emotion-based Decision-making (Barchard, 2001))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Emotion-based Decision-making" and target/key label "Barchard, 2001)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Emotional Contagion Scale (ECS, Doherty)
A 15-item measure of susceptibility to catching others' emotions. Useful in service-work, teamwork, and leadership-emotion-transfer research.
Source: Doherty, R. W. (1997): The emotional contagion scale: A measure of individual differences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 131–154.
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Emotional Detachment (CAT-PD: Emotional Detachment))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Emotional Detachment" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Emotional Detachment)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Emotional Exhaustion (MBI-EE subscale)
A 9-item subscale of the MBI measuring emotional exhaustion only — feelings of being emotionally overextended and depleted of one's emotional resources by work.
Source: Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996): Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd ed.). Consulting Psychologists Press.
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Emotional Exhaustion 5-item Short
A 5-item short form of MBI emotional-exhaustion subscale, validated for use when survey length is constrained.
Source: West, C. P., Dyrbye, L. N., Sloan, J. A., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2009): Single item measures of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization are useful for assessing burnout in medical professionals. Journal of General Internal Medicine, Vol. 24, No. 12, pp. 1318–1321.
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Emotional Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence is a concept that every psychology student has to have heard of as part of their course on Intelligence and Personality . In short, emotional intelligence refers to the ability to use one's perception of their own and…
Source: Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., & Dornheim, L. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25 , 167–177.
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Emotional Labour (Brotheridge & Lee)
A 6-item measure of two strategies of emotional labour: surface acting (faking emotions) and deep acting (modifying inner feelings to match required display). Foundational in service and care-work research.
Source: Brotheridge, C. M., & Lee, R. T. (2003): Development and validation of the Emotional Labour Scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 76, No. 3, pp. 365–379.
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Emotional regulation questionnaire (ERQ)
Emotion is a core component of human psychology, and is strongly related to physiological responses as well ( video about this here ). Humans do not only experience emotions, but we can also manage them; this ability is called emotional reg…
Source: Gross, J.J., & John, O.P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85 , 348-362.
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Emotional Stability (16PF: C))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Emotional Stability" and target/key label "16PF: C)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Emotional Stability (Big-7: 525))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Emotional Stability" and target/key label "Big-7: 525)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Emotional Stability (Big-Five Domain))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Emotional Stability" and target/key label "Big-Five Domain)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Emotional support
Drawing on social support theory and using data from two samples of lower wage workers, the authors develop and validate a measure of family supportive supervisor behaviors (FSSB). FSSB is conceptualized as a multidimensional superordinate …
Source: Hammer et al. (2009): Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure of Family Supportive Supervisor Behaviors (FSSB). Journal of Management, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 837-856.
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Emotional/Social/Personal Intelligence (VIA: Soc))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Emotional/Social/Personal Intelligence" and target/key label "VIA: Soc)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Emotionality (16PF: Q4))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Emotionality" and target/key label "16PF: Q4)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Emotionality (NEO: O3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Emotionality" and target/key label "NEO: O3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Empathic Leadership
A multi-item measure of leader empathic behaviour — the ability to recognize and respond to followers' emotional states and concerns. Predicts engagement and citizenship.
Source: Holt, S., & Marques, J. (2012): Empathy in leadership: Appropriate or misplaced? An empirical study on a topic that is asking for attention. Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 105, No. 1, pp. 95–105.
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Empathy (AB5C: II+/V+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Empathy" and target/key label "AB5C: II+/V+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Empathy (Barchard, 2001))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Empathy" and target/key label "Barchard, 2001)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Empathy (HPI: Caring HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Empathy" and target/key label "HPI: Caring HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Empathy (HPI: Empathy HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Empathy" and target/key label "HPI: Empathy HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Empathy (JPI: Emp))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Empathy" and target/key label "JPI: Emp)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Empathy (TCI: C2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Empathy" and target/key label "TCI: C2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Empathy Quotient (EQ)
The Autism Research Centre in Cambridge (UK) has released a number of surveys. One of them is to measure the Empathy Quotient (copyright by Professor Simon Baron-Cohen). From the website of the creators : "Our tests are posted on our websit…
Source: PsyToolkit survey library page with background, links, and references.
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Empathy Quotient (EQ, Baron-Cohen & Wheelwright)
A 60-item self-report measure of cognitive and affective empathy, developed in autism research and used widely in social-cognition studies.
Source: Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004): The Empathy Quotient: An investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 163–175.
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Employee Creativity (Zhou & George)
A 13-item supervisor-rated measure of an employee's creative behaviour at work — the production of novel and useful ideas, products, or procedures. Strongly used in innovation and leadership studies.
Source: Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2001): When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 682–696.
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Employee empowerment
Through a detailed analysis of the literature, twelve constructs of integrated quality management strategies were identified: top management commitment, customer focus, supplier quality management, design quality management, benchmarking, S…
Source: Ahire et al. (1996): Development and Validation of TQM Implementation Constructs. Decision Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 23-56.
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Employee empowerment
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Self-determination entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Self-determination. Verify the original source before field use.
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Employee Experience
A multi-item measure of the cumulative subjective experience of an employee through interactions with the organization, encompassing physical, cultural, and digital dimensions. Distinct from engagement because it spans the full employee lif…
Source: Plaskoff, J. (2017): Employee experience: The new human resource management approach. Strategic HR Review, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 136–141.
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Employee involvement
The research takes a step toward clarifying the concept of lean production and develops and validates a multi-dimensional measure of lean production. The 10 distinct dimensions of a lean system are continuous flow, customer involvement, emp…
Source: Shah/Ward (2007): "Defining and developing measures of lean production". Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 785-805, .
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Employee involvement
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Leadership involvement in quality entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Leadership involvement in quality. Verify the original source before field use.
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Employee relations
Eight quality management practices were identified by the authors: customer focus, employee relations, management leadership, process management, product/service design, quality data and reporting, supplier quality management, and training.
Source: Kaynak/Hartley (2008): A replication and extension of quality management into the supply chain. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 468–489.
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Employee Silence (Brinsfield)
A 16-item, six-dimensional measure of employee silence: deviant, relational, defensive, diffident, ineffectual, and disengaged silence. Captures the why of withholding voice, not just the act, and complements voice-behaviour scales.
Source: Brinsfield, C. T. (2013): Employee silence motives: Investigation of dimensionality and development of measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 671–697.
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Employee training
Through a detailed analysis of the literature, twelve constructs of integrated quality management strategies were identified: top management commitment, customer focus, supplier quality management, design quality management, benchmarking, S…
Source: Ahire et al. (1996): Development and Validation of TQM Implementation Constructs. Decision Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 23-56.
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Employee training
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Training entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Training. Verify the original source before field use.
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Employee Voice Climate (Frazier & Bowler)
A 6-item measure of shared perceptions among unit members regarding whether speaking up is welcomed and rewarded. Distinct from individual psychological safety because it focuses on unit-level norms.
Source: Frazier, M. L., & Bowler, W. M. (2015): Voice climate, supervisor undermining, and work outcomes: A group-level examination. Journal of Management, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 841–863.
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Employee-oriented CSR
A multidimensional measure of corporate stakeholder responsibility (CStR) was developed and validated. Hereby, the authors conducted a series of analyses, including exploratory factor analyses, confirmatory factor analyses, and structural e…
Source: El Akremi (201_): How Do Employees Perceive Corporate Responsibility? Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Corporate Stakeholder Responsibility Scale. Journal of Management, Vol. _, No. _, pp. _–_
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Employer Attractiveness (EmpAt, Berthon, Ewing & Hah)
A 25-item measure of employer attractiveness across five dimensions: interest value, social value, economic value, development value, and application value. The most widely used employer-branding scale in HRM and marketing crossover researc…
Source: Berthon, P., Ewing, M., & Hah, L. L. (2005): Captivating company: Dimensions of attractiveness in employer branding. International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 151–172.
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Empowering Leadership (Ahearne, Mathieu & Rapp)
A 12-item measure of four dimensions of empowering leadership: enhancing meaningfulness of work, fostering participation in decision making, expressing confidence in performance, and providing autonomy from bureaucratic constraints.
Source: Ahearne, M., Mathieu, J., & Rapp, A. (2005): To empower or not to empower your sales force? An empirical examination of the influence of leadership empowerment behavior on customer satisfaction and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 90, No. 5, pp. 945–955.
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Empowering Leadership Behavior (12-item short)
A 12-item short form of empowering leadership across four facets: enhancing meaningfulness, fostering participation, expressing confidence, and providing autonomy.
Source: Arnold, J. A., Arad, S., Rhoades, J. A., & Drasgow, F. (2000): The empowering leadership questionnaire: The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring leader behaviors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 249–269.
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Enacted Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviour
A multi-item measure capturing reported actual enactment of UPB rather than willingness, designed for studies that triangulate intention with behaviour. Pair with the Umphress willingness measure for divergent-validity tests.
Source: Chen, M., Chen, C. C., & Sheldon, O. J. (2016): Relaxing moral reasoning to win: How organizational identification relates to unethical pro-organizational behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 101, No. 8, pp. 1082–1096.
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Enthusiasm/Zest/Vitality (BFAS: Enthusiasm))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Enthusiasm/Zest/Vitality" and target/key label "BFAS: Enthusiasm)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Enthusiasm/Zest/Vitality (HPI: Identity HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Enthusiasm/Zest/Vitality" and target/key label "HPI: Identity HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Enthusiasm/Zest/Vitality (VIA: Zes))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Enthusiasm/Zest/Vitality" and target/key label "VIA: Zes)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Entrepreneurial Alertness Scale (Tang Kacmar Busenitz)
A 13-item measure of entrepreneurial alertness across three dimensions: scanning and search, association and connection, and evaluation and judgment.
Source: Tang, J., Kacmar, K. M., & Busenitz, L. (2012): Entrepreneurial alertness in the pursuit of new opportunities. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 77–94.
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Entrepreneurial Bricolage (Senyard)
An 8-item measure of entrepreneurial bricolage — making do with whatever is at hand to solve problems and exploit opportunities.
Source: Senyard, J., Baker, T., Steffens, P., & Davidsson, P. (2014): Bricolage as a path to innovativeness for resource-constrained new firms. Journal of Product Innovation Management, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 211–230.
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Entrepreneurial Fear of Failure
A multi-item measure of fear of failure as it relates to entrepreneurial activity — fear of financial loss, social embarrassment, and self-image damage.
Source: Cacciotti, G., Hayton, J. C., Mitchell, J. R., & Giazitzoglu, A. (2016): A reconceptualization of fear of failure in entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 302–325.
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Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ, Liñán & Chen)
A 6-item measure of entrepreneurial intention based on the theory of planned behaviour. Predicts subsequent entrepreneurial action.
Source: Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009): Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 593–617.
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Entrepreneurial Orientation (Covin & Slevin)
A 9-item firm-level measure of entrepreneurial orientation across three dimensions: innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking.
Source: Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1989): Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 75–87.
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Entrepreneurial Passion (Cardon)
A multi-item measure of entrepreneurial passion across three role-identity domains: inventing, founding, and developing.
Source: Cardon, M. S., Gregoire, D. A., Stevens, C. E., & Patel, P. C. (2013): Measuring entrepreneurial passion: Conceptual foundations and scale validation. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 373–396.
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Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy (De Noble, Jung & Ehrlich)
A 23-item measure of entrepreneurial self-efficacy across six dimensions: developing new product/market opportunities, building an innovative environment, initiating investor relationships, defining core purpose, coping with unexpected chal…
Source: De Noble, A. F., Jung, D., & Ehrlich, S. B. (1999): Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: The development of a measure and its relationship to entrepreneurial action. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, pp. 73–87.
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Environmentalism, Interest in (ORAIS: Green Activities))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Environmentalism, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Green Activities)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)
An 8-item self-report measure of daytime sleepiness — the propensity to doze in everyday situations. Used widely in occupational health and sleep medicine.
Source: Johns, M. W. (1991): A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Sleep, Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 540–545.
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Equity/Fairness (HEX: H-Fair))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Equity/Fairness" and target/key label "HEX: H-Fair)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Equity/Fairness (VIA: Equ))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Equity/Fairness" and target/key label "VIA: Equ)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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ERP training
The paper defines and operationalizes eight Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) competence constructs. A two-stage normative process of scale development is followed. First, a portfolio of eight generic constructs that are hypothesized to be…
Source: Stratman/Roth (2002): Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Competence Constructs: Two-Stage Multi-Item Scale Development and Validation. Decision Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 601-628.
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ESG Disclosure Quality
A multi-item measure of perceived ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) disclosure quality — completeness, comparability, and reliability.
Source: Eccles, R. G., Krzus, M. P., Rogers, J., & Serafeim, G. (2012): The need for sector-specific materiality and sustainability reporting standards. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 65–71.
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Estimated return on investment
Survey items were developed from commonly accepted theoretical definitions and were partially influenced by the efforts of other researchers. The authors used past research to obtain general insights about the constructs as opposed to speci…
Source: Steensma/Corley (2000): On the performance of technology-sourcing partnerships: The interaction between partner interdependence and technology attributes. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 1045-1067.
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Ethical Climate Questionnaire (ECQ, Victor & Cullen)
A 26-item measure of ethical work climate organized along two dimensions: ethical criterion (egoism, benevolence, principle) and locus of analysis (individual, local, cosmopolitan), yielding nine theoretical climates and five empirical type…
Source: Victor, B., & Cullen, J. B. (1988): The organizational bases of ethical work climates. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 101–125.
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Ethical Leadership Scale (Brown, Treviño & Harrison)
A 10-item measure of the demonstration of normatively appropriate conduct through personal actions and interpersonal relationships, and the promotion of such conduct to followers through two-way communication, reinforcement, and decision-ma…
Source: Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005): Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 97, No. 2, pp. 117–134.
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Ethical Work Climate Short
A 14-item short form of Victor & Cullen's ECQ retaining the strongest indicators across the five empirical climate types: caring, law-and-code, rules, instrumental, independence.
Source: Cullen, J. B., Victor, B., & Bronson, J. W. (1993): The Ethical Climate Questionnaire: An assessment of its development and validity. Psychological Reports, Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 667–674.
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Ethical-Moral Values (Arab/Islamic context)
A multi-item measure of ethical-moral values in Arab/Islamic contexts, capturing honesty, kindness, justice, modesty, and respect for elders.
Source: Beekun, R. I., & Westerman, J. W. (2012): Spirituality and national culture as antecedents to ethical decision-making: A comparison between the United States and Norway. Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 110, No. 1, pp. 33–44.
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Ethics Position Questionnaire (EPQ, Forsyth)
A 20-item measure of ethical ideology along two dimensions: idealism (belief in absolute moral principles) and relativism (rejection of universal moral rules).
Source: Forsyth, D. R. (1980): A taxonomy of ethical ideologies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 175–184.
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European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU-Q16)
A 16-item measure of general health literacy across four cognitive domains (access, understand, appraise, apply) and three life areas (healthcare, disease prevention, health promotion).
Source: Sørensen, K., Pelikan, J. M., Röthlin, F., Ganahl, K., Slonska, Z., Doyle, G., Fullam, J., Kondilis, B., Agrafiotis, D., Uiters, E., Falcon, M., Mensing, M., Tchamov, K., van den Broucke, S., & Brand, H. (2015): Health literacy in Europe: Comparative results of the European health literacy survey (HLS-EU). European Journal of Public Health, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 1053–1058.
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EuroQol Five Dimensions (EQ-5D)
A 5-item generic preference-based measure of health-related QoL covering mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Outputs a utility index for cost-effectiveness analysis.
Source: EuroQol Group (1990): EuroQol — a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 199–208.
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Excitement-seeking (BAS-Reward-Responsiveness: Carver & White, 1994))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Excitement-seeking" and target/key label "BAS-Reward-Responsiveness: Carver & White, 1994)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Excitement-seeking (NEO: E5))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Excitement-seeking" and target/key label "NEO: E5)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Executive Commitment
The paper defines and operationalizes eight Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) competence constructs. A two-stage normative process of scale development is followed. First, a portfolio of eight generic constructs that are hypothesized to be…
Source: Stratman/Roth (2002): Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Competence Constructs: Two-Stage Multi-Item Scale Development and Validation. Decision Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 601-628.
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Executive commitment
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Top management commitment entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Top management commitment. Verify the original source before field use.
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Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (ESE)
An 18-item measure of an individual's confidence to engage in regular exercise despite common barriers, anchored in Bandura's self-efficacy theory.
Source: Bandura, A. (1997): Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman.
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Exercise, Interest in (ORAIS: Exercise))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Exercise, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Exercise)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Exhibitionism (6FPQ: EX3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Exhibitionism" and target/key label "6FPQ: EX3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Exhibitionism (CAT-PD: Exhibitionism))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Exhibitionism" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Exhibitionism)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Exhibitionism (HPI: Exhibitionistic HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Exhibitionism" and target/key label "HPI: Exhibitionistic HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Exit-Voice-Loyalty-Neglect (EVLN, Rusbult, Farrell, Rogers & Mainous)
A 16-item measure of four responses to job dissatisfaction: exit (leaving), voice (constructive change), loyalty (passive support), and neglect (passive withdrawal). Foundational typology of employee responses to dissatisfaction.
Source: Rusbult, C. E., Farrell, D., Rogers, G., & Mainous, A. G. (1988): Impact of exchange variables on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect: An integrative model of responses to declining job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 599–627.
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Expatriate Spouse Adjustment
A multi-item measure of expatriate spouse adjustment to the host country — general adjustment, interaction adjustment, and identity adjustment.
Source: Lauring, J., Selmer, J., & Kubovcikova, A. (2019): Personality in context: Effective traits for expatriate managers at different levels. International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 1010–1035.
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Experiences in Close Relationships Short (ECR-S)
A 12-item short form of ECR-R measuring adult attachment along anxiety and avoidance dimensions.
Source: Wei, M., Russell, D. W., Mallinckrodt, B., & Vogel, D. L. (2007): The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR)-Short Form. Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 88, No. 2, pp. 187–204.
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Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R)
A 36-item measure of adult attachment along two dimensions: anxiety (fear of abandonment) and avoidance (discomfort with closeness). The most validated dimensional attachment measure.
Source: Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000): An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 350–365.
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Explainable AI (XAI) Satisfaction (Hoffman et al.)
An 8-item measure of user satisfaction with the explanations provided by an AI system, capturing understandability, sufficiency, completeness, satisfaction, and trust-in-explanation. Widely used in XAI evaluations of decision-aid AI and rec…
Source: Hoffman, R. R., Mueller, S. T., Klein, G., & Litman, J. (2023): Measures for explainable AI: Explanation goodness, user satisfaction, mental models, curiosity, trust, and human-AI performance. Frontiers in Computer Science, Vol. 5, Article 1096257.
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Exposure to external turbulence
A new scale was developed to measure exposure to external turbulence. The items were based on the supply chain risk management literature.
Source: Bühler/Wallenburg/Wieland (2016): Accounting for External Turbulence of Logistics Organizations via Performance Measurement Systems. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 21, No. 6
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Expressed Humility / Humble Leadership (Owens, Johnson & Mitchell)
A 9-item measure of expressed humility in leaders — admitting mistakes/limitations, spotlighting follower strengths, and modelling teachability. Predicts engagement, learning, and team innovation.
Source: Owens, B. P., Johnson, M. D., & Mitchell, T. R. (2013): Expressed humility in organizations: Implications for performance, teams, and leadership. Organization Science, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 1517–1538.
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Expressiveness (HEX: X-Expr))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Expressiveness" and target/key label "HEX: X-Expr)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOM-EIS-2)
A 64-item measure of Marcia's four identity statuses: achievement, foreclosure, moratorium, and diffusion, in both ideological and interpersonal domains.
Source: Bennion, L. D., & Adams, G. R. (1986): A revision of the Extended Version of the Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status. Journal of Adolescent Research, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 183–198.
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Extension
The scale has previously been used by Homburg et al. (2003) and Cahill (2006).
Source: Wallenburg (2009): Innovation in logistics outsourcing relationships: proactive improvement by logistics service providers as a driver of customer loyalty. Journal of Supply Chain Management, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 75–93.
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Extravagance (TCI: NS3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Extravagance" and target/key label "TCI: NS3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Extraversion (6FPQ: EX))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Extraversion" and target/key label "6FPQ: EX)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Extraversion (BFAS: Extraversion))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Extraversion" and target/key label "BFAS: Extraversion)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Extraversion (Big-7: 525))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Extraversion" and target/key label "Big-7: 525)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Extraversion (Big-Five Domain))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Extraversion" and target/key label "Big-Five Domain)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Extraversion (NEO Domain))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Extraversion" and target/key label "NEO Domain)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Face Concerns (Self-Face / Other-Face / Mutual-Face)
A 17-item measure of three face concerns in conflict situations: self-face (concern for one's own image), other-face (concern for the other's image), and mutual-face (concern for the relationship). Foundational measure in face-negotiation t…
Source: Oetzel, J. G., & Ting-Toomey, S. (2003): Face concerns in interpersonal conflict: A cross-cultural empirical test of the face negotiation theory. Communication Research, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 599–624.
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Facebook Addition Scale (BFAS)
Facebook addiction is a specific form of Internet addiction in which a person is addicted to checking Facebook. Anyone travelling on public transportation can observe this phenomenon. The Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale is a very short ques…
Source: Andreassen, C.S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G.S., & Pallesen, S. (2010). Development of a Facebook addiction scale. Psychological Reports, 110 , 2, 501-517.
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Faculty Work Engagement (academic-specific UWES adaptation)
An adaptation of the UWES-9 to higher-education faculty contexts, covering vigor, dedication, and absorption in research, teaching, and service roles. Used in academic-HRM and faculty-retention research.
Source: Daumiller, M., Stupnisky, R., & Janke, S. (2020): Motivation of higher education faculty: Theoretical approaches, empirical evidence, and future directions. International Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 99, Article 101502.
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Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)
A 6-item measure of physical dependence on nicotine — quantity, time-to-first-cigarette, and difficulty refraining. The most cited brief nicotine-dependence instrument.
Source: Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerström, K. O. (1991): The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: A revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, Vol. 86, No. 9, pp. 1119–1127.
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Fairness/Equity (HEX: H-Fair))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Fairness/Equity" and target/key label "HEX: H-Fair)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Fairness/Equity (VIA: Equ))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Fairness/Equity" and target/key label "VIA: Equ)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Faith in Intuition (FI subscale of REI)
A 12-item measure of faith in intuition — confidence in one's intuitive insights and gut feelings. Useful in decision-making and managerial-cognition research.
Source: Epstein, S., Pacini, R., Denes-Raj, V., & Heier, H. (1996): Individual differences in intuitive-experiential and analytical-rational thinking styles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. 390–405.
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Faithfulness of appropriation
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Salisbury et al. (2002): Research Report: Better Theory Through Measurement - Developing a Scale to Capture Consensus on Appropriation. Information Systems Research, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 91-103. Previously used by Chin et al. (1997).
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Faking Detection (Burns & Christiansen)
A method using item-response analysis to detect socially desirable responding/faking — comparing observed response patterns to expected patterns under honest responding.
Source: Burns, G. N., & Christiansen, N. D. (2011): Methods of measuring faking behavior. Human Performance, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 358–372.
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Familiarity
Two surveys were conducted (online retailing company Amazon and online banking division [OBD]), to ensure adequate levels of reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and nomological validity for a trust scale. Familiarity an…
Source: Bhattacherjee (2002): Individual Trust in Online Firms: Scale Development and Initial Test. Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 211–241. Previously used by Gefen (2000).
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Family Assessment Device - General Functioning (FAD-GFS)
A 12-item subscale of the FAD measuring overall family functioning — health vs. dysfunction across cohesion, communication, and problem-solving.
Source: Epstein, N. B., Baldwin, L. M., & Bishop, D. S. (1983): The McMaster Family Assessment Device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 171–180.
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Family Business Succession Readiness
A multi-item measure of readiness for family-business succession — successor preparation, predecessor willingness, and family relationship quality.
Source: Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., & Chua, J. H. (2003): Predictors of satisfaction with the succession process in family firms. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 667–687.
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Fantasy Proneness (CAT-PD: Fantasy Proneness))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Fantasy Proneness" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Fantasy Proneness)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Fear of Being Replaced by AI (FBR-AI)
A focused, short measure of the affective fear that AI will displace one's role. Treated as a distinct emotional response separable from cognitive job insecurity, and linked to identity threat, withdrawal, and reskilling intention.
Source: Brougham, D., & Haar, J. (2018): Smart technology, artificial intelligence, robotics, and algorithms (STARA): Employees' perceptions of our future workplace. Journal of Management & Organization, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 239–257.
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Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S)
A 7-item measure of fear of COVID-19, validated in cross-cultural samples and used widely in pandemic-era OB research.
Source: Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C.-Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022): The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 1537–1545.
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Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ)
Many people dislike spiders and some are even seriously afraid of them. A serious fear of spiders is also known as arachnophobia . Fear of spiders is a topic psychologists and psychiatrists study for different reasons. Psychiatrists are foc…
Source: Szymanksi, J. and O'Donohue, W. (1995). Fear of spiders Questionnaire. Journal of Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26(1) , 31-34. | Muris, P. and Merckelbach, H. (1996). A comparison of two spider fear questionnaires. Journal of Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27(3) , 241-244.
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Fear Questionnaire (FQ, Marks & Mathews)
A 17-item measure of phobic avoidance across three subscales: agoraphobia, blood-injury, and social phobia, plus global anxiety/depression.
Source: Marks, I. M., & Mathews, A. M. (1979): Brief standard self-rating for phobic patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 263–267.
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Fearfulness (HEX: E-Fear))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Fearfulness" and target/key label "HEX: E-Fear)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Feedback
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Flynn et al. (1994): A framework for quality management research and an associated measurement instrument. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 339-366.
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Feedback Seeking Behaviour (Ashford)
A multi-item measure of feedback-seeking behaviour — the proactive monitoring or inquiry of one's performance from supervisors, peers, or other sources. Predicts learning, performance, and adjustment.
Source: Ashford, S. J. (1986): Feedback-seeking in individual adaptation: A resource perspective. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 465–487.
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Feedback self-efficacy
A multidimensional measure of feedback orientation is developed and validated. This feedback orientation scale (FOS) was developed and refined using two pilot studies and two focal studies. Across these studies, substantial support was foun…
Source: Linderbaum/Levy (2010): The Development and Validation of the Feedback Orientation Scale (FOS). Journal of Management, Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 1372-1405.
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Feedback self-efficacy
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Accountability entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Accountability. Verify the original source before field use.
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Feeling Thermometer (Outgroup Attitudes)
A single-item measure: 'Using a 0–100 scale, where 0 means very cold/unfavorable and 100 means very warm/favorable, how do you feel about [target group]?'
Source: Wilcox, C., Sigelman, L., & Cook, E. (1989): Some like it hot: Individual differences in responses to group feeling thermometers. Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 246–257.
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Felt Obligation (Eisenberger, Armeli, Rexwinkel, Lynch & Rhoades)
A 7-item measure of felt obligation toward the organization — a key mediator between perceived organizational support and discretionary effort, OCB, and citizenship-based outcomes.
Source: Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P. D., & Rhoades, L. (2001): Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 86, No. 1, pp. 42–51.
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Felt Violation (Morrison & Robinson)
A 4-item measure of the affective component of psychological contract breach — the emotional response of betrayal, anger, and violation when employees perceive their employer has not delivered on promises.
Source: Morrison, E. W., & Robinson, S. L. (1997): When employees feel betrayed: A model of how psychological contract violation develops. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 226–256.
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Femininity (TCI: ST5))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Femininity" and target/key label "TCI: ST5)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Financial Fragility (Lusardi, Schneider & Tufano)
A 1-item global measure of financial fragility: 'How confident are you that you could come up with $2,000 if an unexpected need arose within the next month?' Predicts mortgage default, withdrawal from retirement, and other financial distres…
Source: Lusardi, A., Schneider, D., & Tufano, P. (2011): Financially fragile households: Evidence and implications. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, pp. 83–134.
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Financial incentives
The authors develop and validate a 16-item measure of i-deals negotiated by job incumbents across four content domains: task and work responsibilities, schedule flexibility, location flexibility and financial incentives.
Source: Rosen et al. (2013): Let’s Make a Deal: Development and Validation of the Ex Post I-Deals Scale. Journal of Management, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 709–742
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Financial Literacy (Lusardi & Mitchell Big Three)
A 3-item performance test of basic financial literacy: compound interest, inflation, and risk diversification. The most cited brief financial-literacy instrument.
Source: Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. S. (2014): The economic importance of financial literacy: Theory and evidence. Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 5–44.
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Financial Well-Being Scale (CFPB)
A 10-item measure of subjective financial well-being — perceived ability to meet financial obligations and have financial freedom.
Source: Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (2017): CFPB Financial Well-Being Scale: Scale Development Technical Report.
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Firm Innovativeness (Hult, Hurley & Knight)
A 4-item measure of firm-level innovativeness — capacity to introduce new products, services, processes, and ideas.
Source: Hult, G. T. M., Hurley, R. F., & Knight, G. A. (2004): Innovativeness: Its antecedents and impact on business performance. Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 429–438.
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Firm resilience
A new scale was developed to measure firm resilience. A substantive validity test was used for scale purification.
Source: Ambulkar/Blackhurst/Grawe (2015): Firm’s resilience to supply chain disruptions: Scale development and empirical examination. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 33–34, pp. 111–122
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Firm risk preference
The scale was based on Venkatraman (1989).
Source: Steensma & Corley (2001): Organizational Context as a Moderator of Theories on Firm Boundaries for Technology Sourcing. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 271-291.
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Firm's financial performance over the past 5 years
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Carr/Pearson (1999): Strategically managed buyer–supplier relationships and performance outcomes. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 497-519.
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Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)
A 39-item measure of dispositional mindfulness across five facets: observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging of inner experience, and non-reactivity to inner experience.
Source: Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006): Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 27–45.
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Five-Dimensional Curiosity Scale (5DC, Kashdan et al.)
A 25-item measure of five distinct curiosity dimensions: joyous exploration, deprivation sensitivity, stress tolerance, social curiosity, and thrill seeking.
Source: Kashdan, T. B., Stiksma, M. C., Disabato, D. J., McKnight, P. E., Bekier, J., Kaji, J., & Lazarus, R. (2018): The Five-Dimensional Curiosity Scale: Capturing the bandwidth of curiosity and identifying four unique subgroups of curious people. Journal of Research in Personality, Vol. 73, pp. 130–149.
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Flexibility (HEX: A-Flex))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Flexibility" and target/key label "HEX: A-Flex)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Flexibility I-Deals (Hornung Rousseau Glaser)
A multi-item measure of flexibility-related idiosyncratic deals — individualized arrangements for working hours, schedule, and location.
Source: Hornung, S., Rousseau, D. M., & Glaser, J. (2008): Creating flexible work arrangements through idiosyncratic deals. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 93, No. 3, pp. 655–664.
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Flexibility performance
Multi-item constructs served as variables for four performance measures of quality performance, delivery performance, flexibility performance and cost performance. Construct validity was given by satisfactory psychometric properties on cont…
Source: Power et al. (2010): The cultural characteristic of individualism/collectivism: A comparative study of implications for investment in operations between emerging Asian and industrialized Western countries. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 206-222.
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Flipped Classroom Satisfaction
A multi-item measure of student satisfaction with flipped/inverted classroom designs — pre-class digital content paired with in-class active learning. Captures perceived learning, engagement, and instructor effectiveness.
Source: Strayer, J. F. (2012): How learning in an inverted classroom influences cooperation, innovation and task orientation. Learning Environments Research, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 171–193.
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Flourishing Scale (Diener et al.)
An 8-item brief summary measure of self-perceived success in important areas: relationships, self-esteem, purpose, and optimism. Complements SWLS for eudaimonic well-being.
Source: Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010): New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, Vol. 97, pp. 143–156.
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Flourishing Scale (FS)
Flourishing means doing really well . The Flourishing Scale measures people's success (self rated) in key areas of one's life, such as relationships and having a sense of purpose. Previously, the scale was referred to Psychological Well Bei…
Source: Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi. D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2009). New measures of well-being: Flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 39 , 247-266. Online available here .
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Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2)
A 36-item measure of flow experience during sport/performance across nine dimensions: challenge-skill balance, action-awareness merging, clear goals, unambiguous feedback, concentration on task, sense of control, loss of self-consciousness,…
Source: Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C. (2002): Assessing flow in physical activity: The Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 133–150.
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Fluid partnering
A set of new, multi-item measures are operationalized. The authors define and measure the salient infrastructural competencies – termed business-to-business seller competence (B2B-SC) – associated with the seller-side of Internet-enabled co…
Source: Rosenzweig/Roth (2007): B2B seller competence: Construct development and measurement using a supply chain strategy lens. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 1311-1331.
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Food, Interest in (ORAIS: Food-Related))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Food, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Food-Related)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Forcefulness (CPI: B-MS))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Forcefulness" and target/key label "CPI: B-MS)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Forgiveness/Mercy (HEX: A-Forg))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Forgiveness/Mercy" and target/key label "HEX: A-Forg)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Forgiveness/Mercy (HPI: Easy to Live With HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Forgiveness/Mercy" and target/key label "HPI: Easy to Live With HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Forgiveness/Mercy (HPI: No Hostility HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Forgiveness/Mercy" and target/key label "HPI: No Hostility HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Forgiveness/Mercy (VIA: For))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Forgiveness/Mercy" and target/key label "VIA: For)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Formal control
The authors consider two forms of control, namely formal control and social control.
Source: Li et al. (2008): Transformational offshore outsourcing: Empirical evidence from alliances in China. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 257-274.
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Formal control
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Social control entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Social control. Verify the original source before field use.
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Friendliness (16PF: H))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Friendliness" and target/key label "16PF: H)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Friendliness (AB5C: I+/II+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Friendliness" and target/key label "AB5C: I+/II+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Friendliness (HPI: Lik))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Friendliness" and target/key label "HPI: Lik)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Friendliness (HPI: Likes People HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Friendliness" and target/key label "HPI: Likes People HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Friendliness (MPQ: SC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Friendliness" and target/key label "MPQ: SC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Friendliness (NEO: E1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Friendliness" and target/key label "NEO: E1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Friendliness (TCI: RD2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Friendliness" and target/key label "TCI: RD2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Frugality Scale (Lastovicka)
An 8-item measure of consumer frugality — disciplined resourcefulness in acquiring and using economic goods to achieve longer-term goals.
Source: Lastovicka, J. L., Bettencourt, L. A., Hughner, R. S., & Kuntze, R. J. (1999): Lifestyle of the tight and frugal: Theory and measurement. Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 85–98.
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Functional participation
The authors reconceptualize organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in terms of civic citizenship and propose a new OCB measurement. It uses five categories of citizenship: loyalty, obedience, social participation, advocacy participation,…
Source: Van Dyne, Graham & Dienesch (1994): Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Construct Redefinition, Measurement, and Validation. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 765–802
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Future Orientation (Strathman et al. CFC-14)
A 14-item measure of consideration of future consequences with two factors: CFC-Future (concern for distant outcomes) and CFC-Immediate (concern for immediate outcomes).
Source: Joireman, J., Shaffer, M. J., Balliet, D., & Strathman, A. (2012): Promotion orientation explains why future-oriented people exercise and eat healthy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 38, No. 10, pp. 1272–1287.
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Gambling, Interest in (ORAIS: Gambling))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Gambling, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Gambling)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Game-Based Learning Engagement
A multi-item measure of student engagement with educational games and simulations, capturing flow, immersion, perceived learning, and enjoyment. Particularly relevant for serious games in HRM, business, and STEM education.
Source: Hamari, J., Shernoff, D. J., Rowe, E., Coller, B., Asbell-Clarke, J., & Edwards, T. (2016): Challenging games help students learn: An empirical study on engagement, flow and immersion in game-based learning. Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 54, pp. 170–179.
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Game-Playing, Interest in (HPI: Intellectual Games HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Game-Playing, Interest in" and target/key label "HPI: Intellectual Games HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Game-Playing, Interest in (ORAIS: Game-Playing))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Game-Playing, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Game-Playing)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Gaming Addiction Scale
Everybody knows that some people get addicted to computer games. The Gaming Addiction Scale measures the level of addiction. Game addiction is related to loneliness, anxiety, and depression (all things you can also measure with PsyToolkit, …
Source: Lemmens, J.S., Valkenburg, P.M. & Peter, J. (2009). Development and validation of a game addiction scale for adolescents. Media Psychology, 12(1) , 77-95.
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Gardening, Interest in (ORAIS: Gardening))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Gardening, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Gardening)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Gender equality
Hofstede's five cultural factors are reconceptualized as ten personal cultural orientations: independence, interdependence, power, social inequality, masculinity, gender equality, risk aversion, ambiguity intolerance, tradition, and prudenc…
Source: Sharma (2010): Measuring Personal Cultural Orientations: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 787–806
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Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS)
A 37-item measure of conflicts arising from rigid gender-role socialization in men across four factors: success/power/competition, restrictive emotionality, restrictive affectionate behaviour between men, conflicts between work and family r…
Source: O'Neil, J. M., Helms, B. J., Gable, R. K., David, L., & Wrightsman, L. S. (1986): Gender-Role Conflict Scale: College men's fear of femininity. Sex Roles, Vol. 14, No. 5-6, pp. 335–350.
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Genderqueer Identity Measure
A multi-item measure of genderqueer identity centrality and pride — recognition of one's identity as outside the male-female binary, and positive affect toward that identity.
Source: Diamond, L. M., & Butterworth, M. (2008): Questioning gender and sexual identity: Dynamic links over time. Sex Roles, Vol. 59, No. 5-6, pp. 365–376.
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General Attitudes towards AI Scale (GAAIS)
A 20-item measure of general attitudes toward AI with two factors: positive (12 items, optimism about AI's benefits) and negative (8 items, concerns about AI's risks).
Source: Schepman, A., & Rodway, P. (2023): The General Attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence Scale (GAAIS): Confirmatory validation and associations with personality, corporate distrust, and general trust. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, Vol. 39, No. 13, pp. 2724–2741.
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General Belief in a Just World Scale (GBJW)
A 7-item measure of the belief that the world is a fair place where people generally get what they deserve. Predicts attribution patterns, blame, and acceptance of inequity.
Source: Dalbert, C. (1999): The world is more just for me than generally: About the Personal Belief in a Just World Scale's validity. Social Justice Research, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 79–98.
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General Decision-Making Style (GDMS, Scott & Bruce)
A 25-item measure of five decision-making styles: rational, intuitive, dependent, avoidant, and spontaneous (5 items each).
Source: Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1995): Decision-making style: The development and assessment of a new measure. Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 55, No. 5, pp. 818–831.
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General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12)
A 12-item measure of common mental health problems and minor psychiatric morbidity in non-clinical populations. Used widely in occupational health.
Source: Goldberg, D. P., & Williams, P. (1988): A user's guide to the General Health Questionnaire. NFER-Nelson.
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General Information Privacy Concerns (GIPC)
A 4-item measure of generalized concerns about information privacy in modern digital environments. Useful in technology-attitudes research.
Source: Smith, H. J., Milberg, S. J., & Burke, S. J. (1996): Information privacy: Measuring individuals' concerns about organizational practices. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 167–196.
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General outsourcing
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Verwaal et al. (2009): Value Creation and Value Claiming in Strategic Outsourcing Decisions: A Resource Contingency Perspective. Journal of Management, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 420-444.
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General outsourcing
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Outsourcing intent entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Outsourcing intent. Verify the original source before field use.
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General Procrastination Scale
Procrastination is the postponing of more important activities for less important ones. In the above video, the following two reasons for procrastination are given:
Source: Lay, C.H. (1986). At Last, My Research Article on Procrastination. Journal of Research in Personality, 20 , 474-495. | Ferrari, J.R. (1992). Psychometric Validation of Two Procrastination Inventories for Adults: Arousal and Avoidance Measures. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 14 , 97-110.
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General Self-Efficacy (GSE-10, Schwarzer & Jerusalem)
A 10-item measure of generalized self-efficacy — the belief in one's ability to cope effectively with a wide range of stressful or challenging demands. Translated and validated in over 30 languages.
Source: Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995): Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user's portfolio (pp. 35–37). NFER-NELSON.
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Generalized Acceptance of EvolutioN Evaluation (GAENE)
People may differ in the degree to which they accept certain facts. This can be seen as part of cognitive dissonance or, in other words, a clash between incompatible ideas. A good example of this is the theory of evolution , which is a well…
Source: Smith, M.U., Snyder, S.W., and Devereaux, R.S. (2016). The GAENE—Generalized Acceptance of EvolutioN Evaluation: Development of a New Measure of Evolution Acceptance. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 53(9) , 1289-1315.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7)
Generalized anxiety disorder is a very common mental problem. According to this website , these are the symptoms:
Source: Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Lowe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder - The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166 , 1092-1097.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-2)
A 2-item ultra-brief anxiety screener using the first two items of the GAD-7. Score ≥ 3 indicates likely generalized anxiety disorder.
Source: Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Monahan, P. O., & Löwe, B. (2007): Anxiety disorders in primary care: Prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 146, No. 5, pp. 317–325.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7)
A 7-item self-report measure of generalized anxiety severity over the past two weeks. Each item rated 0–3; total scores 0–21 with cutoffs for mild/moderate/severe anxiety.
Source: Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006): A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 166, No. 10, pp. 1092–1097.
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Generalized Ethnocentrism (GENE, Neuliep & McCroskey)
A 22-item measure of generalized ethnocentrism — the tendency to view one's own group as central and use it as a standard for evaluating others. Used in cross-cultural communication and intergroup-attitudes research.
Source: Neuliep, J. W., & McCroskey, J. C. (1997): The development of intercultural and interethnic communication apprehension scales. Communication Research Reports, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 145–156.
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Generalized Self Efficacy scale (GSE)
Self-efficacy is the belief that you can effectively reach the goals you have, whether that is solving a puzzle, successfully preparing and succeeding in your exam, or dealing with hardships. Research on self-efficacy was started by one of …
Source: Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. | Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston, Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON. | The Generalized Self Efficacy scale in many different languages: Website of the creator . | Sherer, M., Maddux, J. E., Mercandante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R. W. (1982). The Self-Efficacy Scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports, 51 , 663-671. | Chen, G., Gully, S.M., and Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods, 4 , 62-83 | Scherbaum, C. A., Cohen-Charash, Y., & Kern, M. J. (2006). Measuring general self-efficacy - A comparison of thre measures using item response theory. Educational and psychological measurement, 66 , 1047-1063. | Scholz, U., Dona, B. G., Sud, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2002). Is general self-efficacy a universal construct? Psychometric findings from 25 countries. European journal of psychological assessment, 18, 242-251.
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Generalized Social Trust (WVS single item)
A single-item measure used in the World Values Survey: 'Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted, or that you can't be too careful in dealing with people?' Trust = 1, Can't be too careful = 0. Foundational social-ca…
Source: World Values Survey Association (2020): World Values Survey Wave 7 official questionnaire. Madrid: WVS Association.
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Generational consolidation
A comprehensive set of measures is developed to assess an innovation’s locus, type, and characteristics. The measure described on this page is one of these measures. It is found that the concepts of competence destroying and competence enha…
Source: Gatignon et al. (2002): A Structural Approach to Assessing Innovation: Construct Development of Innovation Locus, Type, and Characteristics. Management Science, Vol. 48, No. 9, pp. 1103–1122.
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Generational expansion
A comprehensive set of measures is developed to assess an innovation’s locus, type, and characteristics. The measure described on this page is one of these measures. It is found that the concepts of competence destroying and competence enha…
Source: Gatignon et al. (2002): A Structural Approach to Assessing Innovation: Construct Development of Innovation Locus, Type, and Characteristics. Management Science, Vol. 48, No. 9, pp. 1103–1122.
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Generative AI / ChatGPT Use Intention (UTAUT2-adapted)
An adaptation of UTAUT2 to capture intention to use generative AI tools (e.g., ChatGPT, Copilot, Gemini) at work and in study. Constructs include performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, hedonic …
Source: Strzelecki, A. (2024): To use or not to use ChatGPT in higher education? A study of students' acceptance and use of technology. Interactive Learning Environments, Vol. 32, No. 9, pp. 5142–5155.
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Generative AI Technostress
An adaptation of Ragu-Nathan's technostress framework to generative AI: techno-overload (information flood from AI), techno-invasion (always-on AI prompts), techno-complexity (LLM literacy demands), techno-insecurity (job-replacement worry)…
Source: Tarafdar, M., Cooper, C. L., & Stich, J.-F. (2019): The technostress trifecta — techno eustress, techno distress and design: Theoretical directions and an agenda for research. Information Systems Journal, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 6–42.
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Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale (GCBS)
A 15-item measure of generic conspiracist beliefs across five facets: government malfeasance, malevolent global conspiracies, extraterrestrial cover-up, personal well-being, and information control.
Source: Brotherton, R., French, C. C., & Pickering, A. D. (2013): Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: The Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale. Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 4, Article 279.
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Generosity/Kindness (VIA: Kin))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Generosity/Kindness" and target/key label "VIA: Kin)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Gentleness (HEX: A-Gent))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Gentleness" and target/key label "HEX: A-Gent)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15)
A 15-item Yes/No screener for depression in older adults. Avoids somatic items that confound depression and aging-related symptoms.
Source: Sheikh, J. I., & Yesavage, J. A. (1986): Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontologist, Vol. 5, No. 1–2, pp. 165–173.
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Gig Worker Perceived Autonomy
A multi-item measure of perceived autonomy among gig and platform workers — control over schedule, task choice, and work methods on the platform.
Source: Wood, A. J., Graham, M., Lehdonvirta, V., & Hjorth, I. (2019): Good gig, bad gig: Autonomy and algorithmic control in the global gig economy. Work, Employment and Society, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 56–75.
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Global Job Embeddedness (Crossley, Bennett, Jex & Burnfield)
A 7-item reflective alternative to Mitchell et al.'s composite measure, capturing the overall sense of being attached to and unable to easily leave the job. Designed to overcome the formative-versus-reflective debate in embeddedness researc…
Source: Crossley, C. D., Bennett, R. J., Jex, S. M., & Burnfield, J. L. (2007): Development of a global measure of job embeddedness and integration into a traditional model of voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 92, No. 4, pp. 1031–1042.
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Global Transformational Leadership Scale (GTL, Carless, Wearing & Mann)
A 7-item global measure of transformational leadership, treating it as a single higher-order construct. Designed as a free, parsimonious alternative to the proprietary MLQ-5X.
Source: Carless, S. A., Wearing, A. J., & Mann, L. (2000): A short measure of transformational leadership. Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 389–405.
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Goal Commitment (Hollenbeck Klein)
A 9-item measure of commitment to a specific goal — determination to attain the goal even in the face of obstacles.
Source: Klein, H. J., Wesson, M. J., Hollenbeck, J. R., Wright, P. M., & DeShon, R. P. (2001): The assessment of goal commitment: A measurement model meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 85, No. 1, pp. 32–55.
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Goal Orientation (VandeWalle)
A 13-item measure of three goal-orientation dimensions in the work domain: learning, prove-performance, and avoid-performance. Strongly used in training, feedback-seeking, and performance research.
Source: VandeWalle, D. (1997): Development and validation of a work domain goal orientation instrument. Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 995–1015.
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Goal Self-Concordance (Sheldon)
A measure of self-concordance of personal goals — degree to which goals are pursued for autonomous (intrinsic, identified) rather than controlled (introjected, external) reasons.
Source: Sheldon, K. M., & Elliot, A. J. (1999): Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self-concordance model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 76, No. 3, pp. 482–497.
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Good employer
Based on a comprehensive scale development and validation procedure, the authors find support for a five-dimensional scale to measure customer-based corporate reputation of a service firm: customer orientation, good employer, reliable and f…
Source: Walsh & Beatty (2007): Customer-based Corporate Reputation of a Service Firm: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 127-143.
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Good Nature (CPI: V3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Good Nature" and target/key label "CPI: V3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Government Performance Perceptions
A multi-item measure of citizen perceptions of government performance — efficiency, effectiveness, equity, and responsiveness.
Source: Van Ryzin, G. G. (2007): Pieces of a puzzle: Linking government performance, citizen satisfaction, and trust. Public Performance & Management Review, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 521–535.
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Grable & Lytton Risk Tolerance
A 13-item measure of investor risk tolerance — willingness to take on financial risk for higher expected return. Used widely in financial-planning research.
Source: Grable, J., & Lytton, R. H. (1999): Financial risk tolerance revisited: The development of a risk assessment instrument. Financial Services Review, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 163–181.
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Grandiosity (CAT-PD: Grandiosity))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Grandiosity" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Grandiosity)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Gratitude (GQ-6)
Gratitude is a "generalized tendency to recognize and respond with grateful emotion to the roles of other people’s benevolence in the positive experiences and outcomes that one obtains" (McCullough et al., 2002). The study of gratitude is a…
Source: McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82 , 112- 127. | A scoring sheet with some extra information which can be retrieved from Emmons' lab .
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Gratitude (VIA: Gra))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Gratitude" and target/key label "VIA: Gra)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6)
A 6-item measure of dispositional gratitude — the propensity to experience gratitude in daily life. Highly used in positive-psychology research.
Source: McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J.-A. (2002): The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 112–127.
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Greed Avoidance (HEX: H-Gree))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Greed Avoidance" and target/key label "HEX: H-Gree)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Greedy Work (Goldin)
A multi-item measure of perceptions that one's job is 'greedy' — disproportionately rewarding long hours and constant availability.
Source: Goldin, C. (2021): Career and family: Women's century-long journey toward equity. Princeton University Press.
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Green et al. Paranoid Thought Scales (GPTS)
Paranoia is a way of irrational thinking in which a person thinks that others are trying to "get him" or her. Because of this a person suffering from paranoia might make false accusations against other people. Paranoia is a common symptom o…
Source: Green, C. E. L., Freeman, D., Kuipers, E., Bebbington, P., Fowler, D., Dunn, G., & Garety, P. A. (2008). Measuring ideas of persecution and social reference: the Green et al. Paranoid Thought Scales (GPTS). Psychological medicine, 38 , 101-111. | Freeman, D. (2007). Suspicious minds : the psychology of persecutory delusions. Clinical Psychology Review, 27 , 425-457. | Startup, M. & Startup, S. (2005). On two kinds of delusions of reference. Psychiatry Research 137 , 87-92.
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Green Human Resource Management (Green HRM)
A multi-item measure of an organization's HR practices oriented toward environmental sustainability — green recruitment, training, performance management, and rewards. Increasingly used in CSR and ESG research.
Source: Renwick, D. W. S., Redman, T., & Maguire, S. (2013): Green human resource management: A review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 1–14.
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Gregariousness (16PF: F))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Gregariousness" and target/key label "16PF: F)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Gregariousness (6FPQ: EX1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Gregariousness" and target/key label "6FPQ: EX1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Gregariousness (AB5C: I+/I+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Gregariousness" and target/key label "AB5C: I+/I+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Gregariousness (HPI: Likes Parties HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Gregariousness" and target/key label "HPI: Likes Parties HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Gregariousness (HPI: SP))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Gregariousness" and target/key label "HPI: SP)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Gregariousness (IPIP-IPC: Gregarious-Extraverted))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Gregariousness" and target/key label "IPIP-IPC: Gregarious-Extraverted)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Gregariousness (NEO: E2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Gregariousness" and target/key label "NEO: E2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Gregariousness (ORAIS: Partying))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Gregariousness" and target/key label "ORAIS: Partying)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Grit (Duckworth & Quinn Grit-S)
An 8-item short form of the Grit Scale measuring perseverance and consistency of interest in long-term goals. Two factors: consistency of interest (4 items) and perseverance of effort (4 items).
Source: Duckworth, A. L., & Quinn, P. D. (2009): Development and validation of the Short Grit Scale (Grit-S). Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 91, No. 2, pp. 166–174.
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Groningen Sleep Quality Questionnaire
Questionnaires measuring sleep quality are useful in many studies. This because quality of sleep can affect emotion and performance during the day. The Groningen Sleep Quality Questionnaire Meijman et al., 1988,1990 is a well established sc…
Source: Meijman, T. F., de Vries-Griever, A. H., de Vries, G. (1988): The evaluation of the Groningen Sleep Quality Scale. Groningen: Heymans Bulletin (HB 88—13—EX). | Meijman, T. F., Thunnissen, M. J., & de Vries-Griever, A. G. H. (1990). The after-effects of a prolonged period of day-sleep on subjective sleep quality. Work & Stress, 4(1) , 65–70. | Sirous, J., Gorouhi, F., Taghva, A., Lotfi, J. (2008). High-altitude sleep disturbance: Results of the Groningen Sleep Quality Questionnaire survey. Sleep Medicine, Volume 9, Issue 4, 446-449. Link to paper
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Group Cohesion (Carless & De Paola)
A 10-item measure of three components of group cohesion: task cohesion (shared commitment to task), social cohesion (interpersonal bonds), and group attraction (individual attraction to the group).
Source: Carless, S. A., & De Paola, C. (2000): The measurement of cohesion in work teams. Small Group Research, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 71–88.
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Group efficacy
Group efficacy was measured with four items taken from Salanova, Llorens, Cifre, Martínez & Schaufeli (2003).
Source: Zhang et al. (2014): Relational Versus Collective Identification Within Workgroups: Conceptualization, Measurement Development, and Nomological Network Building. Journal of Management, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 1700–1731
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Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT)
A 25-item performance test of field independence — the ability to disembed a simple figure from a complex background. Foundational measure of cognitive style.
Source: Witkin, H. A., Oltman, P. K., Raskin, E., & Karp, S. A. (1971): Group Embedded Figures Test Manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
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Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ)
An 18-item measure of group cohesion in sport across four facets: group integration-task (GI-T), group integration-social (GI-S), individual attractions to group-task (ATG-T), individual attractions to group-social (ATG-S).
Source: Carron, A. V., Widmeyer, W. N., & Brawley, L. R. (1985): The development of an instrument to assess cohesion in sport teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport Psychology, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 244–266.
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Group esteem
Group esteem was measured with four items taken from Ellemers, Kortekaas & Ouwerkerk (1999).
Source: Zhang et al. (2014): Relational Versus Collective Identification Within Workgroups: Conceptualization, Measurement Development, and Nomological Network Building. Journal of Management, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 1700–1731
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Group identification
Group identification was measured with four items taken from Wu, Tsui & Kinicki (2010).
Source: Zhang et al. (2014): Relational Versus Collective Identification Within Workgroups: Conceptualization, Measurement Development, and Nomological Network Building. Journal of Management, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 1700–1731
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Group Performance Self-Rating
A multi-item measure of perceived group performance — quality, productivity, and goal attainment of the team.
Source: Edmondson, A. (1999): Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 350–383.
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Group-Based Emotions (Mackie & Smith)
A multi-item measure of emotions experienced on behalf of one's ingroup — collective pride, anger, guilt, and shame about ingroup actions.
Source: Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000): Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 79, No. 4, pp. 602–616.
H
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Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A)
A 14-item clinician-rated anxiety-severity scale covering psychic and somatic anxiety domains.
Source: Hamilton, M. (1959): The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 50–55.
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Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)
A 17-item clinician-rated depression-severity scale. Standard outcome measure in antidepressant clinical trials.
Source: Hamilton, M. (1960): A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 56–62.
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Happiness (AB5C: IV+/I+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Happiness" and target/key label "AB5C: IV+/I+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Happiness (CPI: MP))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Happiness" and target/key label "CPI: MP)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Happiness (HPI: No Depression HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Happiness" and target/key label "HPI: No Depression HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Happiness (HPI: ST))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Happiness" and target/key label "HPI: ST)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Harm-avoidance (TCI: HA2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Harm-avoidance" and target/key label "TCI: HA2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Harman's Single-Factor Test
An exploratory-factor-analysis approach: load all items into a single EFA. If a single unrotated factor accounts for >50% variance, common-method bias may be substantial.
Source: Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003): Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88, No. 5, pp. 879–903.
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Health Anxiety (CAT-PD: Health Anxiety))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Health Anxiety" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Health Anxiety)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Health Belief Model Items (HBM)
A multi-item measure operationalizing the Health Belief Model: perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy with respect to a specific health behaviour.
Source: Champion, V. L., & Skinner, C. S. (2008): The health belief model. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior and health education (4th ed., pp. 45–65). Jossey-Bass.
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Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP-II)
A 52-item measure of health-promoting behaviours across six subscales: health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual growth, interpersonal relations, and stress management.
Source: Walker, S. N., Sechrist, K. R., & Pender, N. J. (1995): Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Medical Center.
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Healthy Selfishness (HS)
This scale is based on a paper by Kaufman and Jauk (2020) . Being selfish is generally considered bad. But some selfishness can be good as it ensures that you look after yourself. Ultimately, it is all about a balance. It would not be healt…
Source: Kaufman, S.B. & Jauk, E. (2020). Healthy Selfishness and Pathological Altruism: Measuring Two Paradoxical Forms of Selfishness. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. Open Access | Maslow, A. H. (1943/1996). “Is human nature basically selfish?” in Future Visions: The Unpublished Papers of Abraham Maslow, E. Hoffman (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications), 107–114.
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Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS)
An 18-item measure of dispositional forgiveness across three subscales: forgiveness of self, forgiveness of others, and forgiveness of situations.
Source: Thompson, L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., Heinze, L., Neufeld, J. E., Shorey, H. S., Roberts, J. C., & Roberts, D. E. (2005): Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 313–360.
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Hedonic-Utilitarian Attitude (Voss, Spangenberg & Grohmann)
A 10-item semantic differential measuring hedonic (10) and utilitarian (10) attitudes toward products. Foundational dual-attitude measure in consumer behaviour.
Source: Voss, K. E., Spangenberg, E. R., & Grohmann, B. (2003): Measuring the hedonic and utilitarian dimensions of consumer attitude. Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 310–320.
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Help-Seeking Behaviour (Hofmann, Lei & Grant)
A multi-item measure of help-seeking behaviour at work — proactive request for assistance from coworkers or supervisors when facing difficulty. Predicts learning and performance but is moderated by status concerns.
Source: Hofmann, D. A., Lei, Z., & Grant, A. M. (2009): Seeking help in the shadow of doubt: The sensemaking processes underlying how nurses decide whom to ask for advice. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 94, No. 5, pp. 1261–1274.
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Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT)
A modern discriminant-validity estimator: ratio of cross-construct correlations to within-construct correlations. HTMT < 0.85 (conservative) or < 0.90 (liberal) supports discriminant validity.
Source: Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015): A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 115–135.
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HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised (HEXACO-PI-R)
A 100-item (or 60-item short form) measure of six personality dimensions: Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, eXtraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness. Adds an honesty-humility dimension to the Big Five.
Source: Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2018): Psychometric properties of the HEXACO-100. Assessment, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 543–556.
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High-Performance Work Systems (HPWS) Perceptions
A multi-item measure of employees' or HR managers' perceptions of bundled HR practices that drive high performance: selective hiring, extensive training, performance-contingent pay, internal promotion, employment security, participation, an…
Source: Sun, L.-Y., Aryee, S., & Law, K. S. (2007): High-performance human resource practices, citizenship behavior, and organizational performance: A relational perspective. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 558–577.
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Home-Making, Interest in (ORAIS: Housekeeping))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Home-Making, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Housekeeping)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Honesty-Humility (HEXACO subscale)
A 16-item subscale of HEXACO measuring honesty-humility — the tendency to be fair, sincere, modest, and unwilling to exploit others. Strongly predicts UPB and counterproductive work behaviours.
Source: Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2018): Psychometric properties of the HEXACO-100. Assessment, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 543–556.
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Honesty/Integrity/Authenticity (VIA: Int))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Honesty/Integrity/Authenticity" and target/key label "VIA: Int)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Hope/Optimism ((Scheier, et al., 1994))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Hope/Optimism" and target/key label "(Scheier, et al., 1994)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Hope/Optimism (CPI: Wb))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Hope/Optimism" and target/key label "CPI: Wb)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Hope/Optimism (TCI: S2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Hope/Optimism" and target/key label "TCI: S2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Hope/Optimism (VIA: Hop))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Hope/Optimism" and target/key label "VIA: Hop)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Horizontal–Vertical Individualism–Collectivism (Singelis et al.)
A 32-item measure of four cultural orientations: horizontal individualism (HI), vertical individualism (VI), horizontal collectivism (HC), and vertical collectivism (VC). Captures both the individualism–collectivism axis and the egalitarian…
Source: Singelis, T. M., Triandis, H. C., Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Gelfand, M. J. (1995): Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-Cultural Research, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 240–275.
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Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
A 14-item self-report measure with 7 anxiety and 7 depression items designed for non-psychiatric medical outpatients. Avoids somatic items that overlap with physical illness.
Source: Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983): The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, Vol. 67, No. 6, pp. 361–370.
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Hospitality Service Mindset
A multi-item measure of frontline-employee service mindset in the hospitality industry — anticipating guest needs, going beyond expectations, and personalizing service.
Source: Wirtz, J., & Lwin, M. O. (2009): Regulatory focus theory, trust, and privacy concern. Journal of Service Research, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 190–207.
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Hostile Aggression (CAT-PD: Hostile Aggression))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Hostile Aggression" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Hostile Aggression)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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HR flexibility: resource flexibility in HR practices, resource flexibility in employee skills and behaviors, coordination flexibility in HR practices, coordination flexibility in contingent worker skills and behaviors, coordination flexibility in employee skills and behaviors
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Coordination flexibility in contingent worker skills and behaviors entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Coordination flexibility in contingent worker skills and behaviors. Verify the original source before field use.
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HR System Strength (Bowen & Ostroff)
A multi-item measure of HR system strength across three meta-features (distinctiveness, consistency, consensus) and nine facets. Captures whether HR practices send a clear, consistent, agreed-upon message to employees.
Source: Bowen, D. E., & Ostroff, C. (2004): Understanding HRM-firm performance linkages: The role of the 'strength' of the HRM system. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 203–221.
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Human capital
The authors follow a two-phased approach to develop multi-item scales that measure dimensions of service orientation in the context of business-to-business e-commerce. Service orientation was conceptualized as a third-order construct compri…
Source: Oliveira/Roth (2012): Service orientation: The derivation of underlying constructs and measures. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 156-190.
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Human capital
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Reward system entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Reward system. Verify the original source before field use.
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Human–AI Collaboration Quality
A multi-item measure of the perceived quality of working with an AI agent or tool, including coordination, complementarity, transparency, and shared understanding. Captures the team-like quality of human–AI dyads in knowledge work.
Source: Seeber, I., Bittner, E., Briggs, R. O., De Vreede, T., De Vreede, G.-J., Elkins, A., Maier, R., Merz, A. B., Oeste-Reiß, S., Randrup, N., Schwabe, G., & Söllner, M. (2020): Machines as teammates: A research agenda on AI in team collaboration. Information & Management, Vol. 57, No. 2, Article 103174.
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Human–AI Complementarity Index
A composite measure of the value added when humans and AI work together, defined as joint performance minus the maximum of human-only and AI-only performance. Captures whether complementarity actually exists.
Source: Bansal, G., Nushi, B., Kamar, E., Lasecki, W. S., Weld, D. S., & Horvitz, E. (2019): Beyond accuracy: The role of mental models in human-AI team performance. Proceedings of HCOMP 2019, pp. 2–11.
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Human–AI Team Trust (HAT-Trust)
A multi-item measure of trust within a human–AI dyad or team, including trust in the AI teammate's competence, dependability, and good intent. Specifically designed for collaborative human–AI work.
Source: McNeese, N. J., Demir, M., Cooke, N. J., & Myers, C. (2018): Teaming with a synthetic teammate: Insights into human-autonomy teaming. Human Factors, Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 262–273.
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Humility/Modesty (HEX: H-Mode))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Humility/Modesty" and target/key label "HEX: H-Mode)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Humility/Modesty (NEO: A5))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Humility/Modesty" and target/key label "NEO: A5)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Humility/Modesty (VIA: Mod))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Humility/Modesty" and target/key label "VIA: Mod)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ)
Humor is important for human emotion, socialisation, emotion, and coping. Although laughing is universal, and even common in babies (although we don't know exactly what they are laughing about, of course), there are jokes that require compl…
Source: Martin, R.A., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., and Weir, K. (2003). Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 37 , 48-75.
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Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ, Martin et al.)
A 32-item measure of four humor styles: affiliative, self-enhancing, aggressive, and self-defeating. Two adaptive (affiliative, self-enhancing) and two maladaptive (aggressive, self-defeating).
Source: Martin, R. A., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., & Weir, K. (2003): Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 48–75.
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Humor/Playfulness (6FPQ: IT3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Humor/Playfulness" and target/key label "6FPQ: IT3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Humor/Playfulness (HPI: Entertaining HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Humor/Playfulness" and target/key label "HPI: Entertaining HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Humor/Playfulness (VIA: Hum))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Humor/Playfulness" and target/key label "VIA: Hum)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Hypermasculinity Values Questionnaire (HVQ)
Hypermasculinity refers to a set of exaggerated beliefs and values about what it means to be a “real man”. These include the idea that men must always be tough, show no emotion, avoid anything considered feminine, and dominate women, especi…
Source: PsyToolkit survey library page with background, links, and references.
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Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS)
The HSNS is a 10-item scale measuring a covert aspect of Narcism, while the well known NPI measures a more overt dimension of Narcism (Hendin & Cheek, 1997) . We view the covert ‘‘face’’ of narcissism as assessed by the HSNS to be one of ma…
Source: Hendin, H.M., & Cheek, J.M. (1997). Assessing Hypersensitive Narcissism: A Re-examination of Murray's Narcissism Scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 31 , 588-599. | http://academics.wellesley.edu/Psychology/Cheek/hsns_text.html
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Hypoglycemia Symptoms Checklist (HSC-7)
Hypoglycemia (or low blood sugar ) is a condition in which a person has a low level of blood glucose. Glucose is an essential energy provider and blood sugar needs to stay within a specific range in order to function normally. Hypoglycemia …
Source: Barry, J.A., Bouloux, P. & Hardiman, P.J. (2011). The impact of eating behavior on psychological symptoms typical of reactive hypoglycemia. A pilot study comparing women with polycystic ovary syndrome to controls. Appetite, 57, 73-76.
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Hypomanic Exhibitionism (Exhibitionism: Ekblad & Chapman, 1986))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Hypomanic Exhibitionism" and target/key label "Exhibitionism: Ekblad & Chapman, 1986)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Hypomanic Mood Intensity (Mood Intensity/Change: Eckblad & Chapman, 1986))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Hypomanic Mood Intensity" and target/key label "Mood Intensity/Change: Eckblad & Chapman, 1986)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
I
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Idealized Influence (MLQ subset)
An 8-item subscale of the MLQ measuring idealized influence — both attributed (perceived charisma) and behaviour (modelling values). The strongest dimension of transformational leadership.
Source: Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1995): MLQ-5X. Mind Garden.
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Identity Leadership Inventory (ILI, Steffens)
A 15-item measure of identity leadership across four dimensions: prototypicality, advancement, entrepreneurship, and impresarioship — capturing leadership as 'doing for the group'.
Source: Steffens, N. K., Haslam, S. A., Reicher, S. D., Platow, M. J., Fransen, K., Yang, J., et al. (2014): Leadership as social identity management: Introducing the Identity Leadership Inventory (ILI). Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 1001–1024.
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Idiosyncratic Deals (Rosen et al.)
A 16-item measure of idiosyncratic deals across four dimensions: schedule flexibility, location flexibility, task and work responsibilities, and financial incentives.
Source: Rosen, C. C., Slater, D. J., Chang, C.-H. D., & Johnson, R. E. (2013): Let's make a deal: Development and validation of the ex post i-deals scale. Journal of Management, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 709–742.
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Imagination (16PF: M))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Imagination" and target/key label "16PF: M)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Imagination (AB5C: V+/III-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Imagination" and target/key label "AB5C: V+/III-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Imagination (MPQ: AB))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Imagination" and target/key label "MPQ: AB)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Imagination (NEO: O1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Imagination" and target/key label "NEO: O1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Imagination (TCI: ST1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Imagination" and target/key label "TCI: ST1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Imitability
Survey items were developed from commonly accepted theoretical definitions and were partially influenced by the efforts of other researchers. The authors used past research to obtain general insights about the constructs as opposed to speci…
Source: Steensma/Corley (2000): On the performance of technology-sourcing partnerships: The interaction between partner interdependence and technology attributes. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 1045-1067.
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Immoderation (NEO: N5))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Immoderation" and target/key label "NEO: N5)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Impact
Based on a thorough scale development and validation process, the author presents a multidimensional measure of psychological empowerment in the workplace. It consists of four dimensions: meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact.
Source: Spreitzer (1995): Psychological Empowerment in the Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 1442–1465
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Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R)
A 22-item measure of subjective distress after a specific traumatic event across three subscales: intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal.
Source: Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997): The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399–411). Guilford.
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Imperturbability (AB5C: IV+/II-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Imperturbability" and target/key label "AB5C: IV+/II-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Implicit Association Test (IAT)
A reaction-time-based behavioural measure of implicit attitudes — pairing target categories with attribute categories. Differential reaction times reveal implicit associations not detectable by self-report.
Source: Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998): Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 74, No. 6, pp. 1464–1480.
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Implicit Theories of Intelligence (Dweck Mindset)
A 6-item (or 8-item) measure of fixed vs. growth mindset — the belief that intelligence is fixed or malleable. Foundation of Dweck's mindset research.
Source: Dweck, C. S. (2000): Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. Psychology Press.
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Impression-management (BIDR: Paulhus, 1991))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Impression-management" and target/key label "BIDR: Paulhus, 1991)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Impulse-control (AB5C: IV+/I-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Impulse-control" and target/key label "AB5C: IV+/I-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Impulse-control (HPI: Impulse Control HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Impulse-control" and target/key label "HPI: Impulse Control HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Impulse-control (TCI: S5))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Impulse-control" and target/key label "TCI: S5)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Impulsivity Scale for Children (ISC)
Impulsiveness refers to the state of mind in which one makes decisions without much thinking. A good example of this is an impulse buy (buying something you later realise you do not really need). Of course, some level of impulsiveness is no…
Source: Tsukayama, E., Duckworth, A.L. & Kim, B. (2013). Domain-specific impulsivity in school-age children. Developmental Science, 16 , 879-893.
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In-role Job Performance (Williams & Anderson)
A 7-item supervisor-rated (also self-rated) measure of in-role job performance — the behaviours formally required as part of the job. Widely paired with OCB-O / OCB-I to separate task and contextual performance.
Source: Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991): Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of Management, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 601–617.
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Incivility Experienced (ICES)
A multi-item measure capturing experienced incivility from supervisors, coworkers, and customers, separately. Predicts strain and withdrawal differently across sources.
Source: Cortina, L. M., Kabat-Farr, D., Magley, V. J., & Nelson, K. (2017): Researching rudeness: The past, present, and future of the science of incivility. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 299–313.
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Inclusion (Jansen, Otten, van der Zee & Jans)
A 16-item measure of workplace inclusion across two factors based on Shore et al. (2011): belongingness (8 items) and authenticity / uniqueness (8 items).
Source: Jansen, W. S., Otten, S., van der Zee, K. I., & Jans, L. (2014): Inclusion: Conceptualization and measurement. European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 370–385.
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Inclusive Climate for LGBT Employees
A multi-item measure of perceived organizational climate for LGBT employees — leadership support, inclusive policies, coworker behaviour, and felt safety to be out.
Source: Ragins, B. R., Cornwell, J. M., & Miller, J. S. (2003): Heterosexism in the workplace: Do race and gender matter? Group & Organization Management, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 45–74.
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Inclusive Leadership (Carmeli, Reiter-Palmon & Ziv)
A 9-item measure of inclusive leadership — leader behaviours that demonstrate openness, accessibility, and availability to followers' contributions. Strongly tied to psychological safety and creativity.
Source: Carmeli, A., Reiter-Palmon, R., & Ziv, E. (2010): Inclusive leadership and employee involvement in creative tasks in the workplace: The mediating role of psychological safety. Creativity Research Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 250–260.
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Independence
Hofstede's five cultural factors are reconceptualized as ten personal cultural orientations: independence, interdependence, power, social inequality, masculinity, gender equality, risk aversion, ambiguity intolerance, tradition, and prudenc…
Source: Sharma (2010): Measuring Personal Cultural Orientations: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 787–806
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Independence (6FPQ: IP))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Independence" and target/key label "6FPQ: IP)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Individual Power Distance Orientation (Earley & Erez / Yoo)
A 5-item measure of individual-level power distance — acceptance of inequality in the distribution of power. Adapted from Earley & Erez (1997) and Yoo et al. (2011) CVSCALE.
Source: Yoo, B., Donthu, N., & Lenartowicz, T. (2011): Measuring Hofstede's five dimensions of cultural values at the individual level: Development and validation of CVSCALE. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, Vol. 23, No. 3–4, pp. 193–210.
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Individualized Consideration (MLQ subset)
A 4-item subscale of the MLQ measuring individualized consideration — coaching, mentoring, and treating each follower as a unique individual.
Source: Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1995): MLQ-5X. Mind Garden.
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Industriousness/Perseverance/Persistence (6FPQ: IT))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Industriousness/Perseverance/Persistence" and target/key label "6FPQ: IT)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Industriousness/Perseverance/Persistence (BFAS: Industriousness))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Industriousness/Perseverance/Persistence" and target/key label "BFAS: Industriousness)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Industriousness/Perseverance/Persistence (TCI: P4))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Industriousness/Perseverance/Persistence" and target/key label "TCI: P4)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Industriousness/Perseverance/Persistence (VIA: Ind))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Industriousness/Perseverance/Persistence" and target/key label "VIA: Ind)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Information acquisition
Systematic and thorough methodological techniques are used to develop an instrument to test, measure, and validate subprocesses of organizational learning. Five independent but interrelated subprocesses are identified and validated: informa…
Source: Flores et al. (2012): Organizational Learning: Subprocess Identification, Construct Validation, and an Empirical Test of Cultural Antecedents. Journal of Management, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 640-667.
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Information acquisition
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Information distribution entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Information distribution. Verify the original source before field use.
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Information and communication technologies implementation
The authors follow a two-phased approach to develop multi-item scales that measure dimensions of service orientation in the context of business-to-business e-commerce. Service orientation was conceptualized as a third-order construct compri…
Source: Oliveira/Roth (2012): Service orientation: The derivation of underlying constructs and measures. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 156-190.
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Information and communication technologies implementation
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Service processes entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Service processes. Verify the original source before field use.
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Information distribution
Systematic and thorough methodological techniques are used to develop an instrument to test, measure, and validate subprocesses of organizational learning. Five independent but interrelated subprocesses are identified and validated: informa…
Source: Flores et al. (2012): Organizational Learning: Subprocess Identification, Construct Validation, and an Empirical Test of Cultural Antecedents. Journal of Management, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 640-667.
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Information distribution
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Information acquisition entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Information acquisition. Verify the original source before field use.
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Information integration
Systematic and thorough methodological techniques are used to develop an instrument to test, measure, and validate subprocesses of organizational learning. Five independent but interrelated subprocesses are identified and validated: informa…
Source: Bardi et al. (1994): Logistics Information Systems: The Strategic Role of Top Management. Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 71-85.
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Information interpretation
Systematic and thorough methodological techniques are used to develop an instrument to test, measure, and validate subprocesses of organizational learning. Five independent but interrelated subprocesses are identified and validated: informa…
Source: Flores et al. (2012): Organizational Learning: Subprocess Identification, Construct Validation, and an Empirical Test of Cultural Antecedents. Journal of Management, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 640-667.
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Information Overload Scale
A multi-item measure of perceived information overload at work — having more information than one can effectively process.
Source: Eppler, M. J., & Mengis, J. (2004): The concept of information overload: A review of literature from organization science, accounting, marketing, MIS, and related disciplines. Information Society, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 325–344.
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Information sharing
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Min/Mentzer (2004): Developing and measuring supply chain management concepts. Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 63-99.
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Information sharing
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Buyer communication entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Buyer communication. Verify the original source before field use.
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Information Sharing in Teams
A multi-item measure of information sharing within teams — frequency, openness, and completeness of information exchange among team members.
Source: Bunderson, J. S., & Sutcliffe, K. M. (2002): Comparing alternative conceptualizations of functional diversity in management teams. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 45, No. 5, pp. 875–893.
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Information sharing quality
The article examines three factors of intellectual capital: Worker expertise, information sharing quality, and team psychological safety.
Source: Lee et al. (2011): The roles of worker expertise, information sharing quality, and psychological safety in manufacturing process innovation: An intellectual capital perspective. Production and Operations Management, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 556–570
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Information Systems Success Model (DeLone & McLean)
A multi-item measure operationalizing the DeLone & McLean IS success model: information quality, system quality, service quality, use, user satisfaction, and net benefits.
Source: DeLone, W. H., & McLean, E. R. (2003): The DeLone and McLean model of information systems success: A ten-year update. Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 9–30.
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Information technology
The authors identify key constructs related to supply chain management. Based on a systematic instrument develop process, they develop a set of reliable, valid, and unidimensional measurement scales.
Source: Chen/Paulraj (2004): Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 119–150
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Information technology experience
The authors report a two-stage approach for the development and validation of new multi-item measurement scales reflecting a multidimensional construct called new service development competence. It is operationalized as a multidimensional c…
Source: Menor/Roth (2007): New service development competence in retail banking: Construct development and measurement validation. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 825-846.
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Information technology experience
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Technical skills entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Technical skills. Verify the original source before field use.
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Informational justice
Four dimensions of organizational justice were measured with a scale developed and validated by Colquitt (2001): procedural, distributive, interpersonal, and informational justice. The scale ranged from 1 (to a very small extent) to 5 (to a…
Source: Colquitt/Rodell (2011): Justice, trust, and trustworthiness: A longitudinal analysis integrating three theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 1183–1206
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Informational justice
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Distributive justice entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Distributive justice. Verify the original source before field use.
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Ingenuity (AB5C: V+/I+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Ingenuity" and target/key label "AB5C: V+/I+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Ingenuity (HPI: Generates Ideas HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Ingenuity" and target/key label "HPI: Generates Ideas HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Ingenuity (JPI: Inv))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Ingenuity" and target/key label "JPI: Inv)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Ingratiation
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Bolino/Turnley (1999): Measuring Impression Management in Organizations: A Scale Development Based on the Jones and Pittman Taxonomy. Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 187-206.
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Initiative (TCI: P1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Initiative" and target/key label "TCI: P1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Innovative Work Behaviour (Janssen)
A 9-item measure of three sequential phases of innovative work behaviour: idea generation, idea promotion, and idea realization. Items are rated on a 7-point frequency scale and treat IWB as an extra-role behaviour.
Source: Janssen, O. (2000): Job demands, perceptions of effort-reward fairness and innovative work behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 73, No. 3, pp. 287–302.
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Innovativeness
The study presents a foreign language version of a popular scale for measuring entrepreneurship and tests the instrument's utility in cross-cultural settings as a means of validating it for use abroad. The dimensions "innovativeness" and "p…
Source: Knight (1997): Cross-cultural reliability and validity of a scale to measure firm entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 213-225.
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Innovativeness
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Proactiveness entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Proactiveness. Verify the original source before field use.
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Inquisitiveness (HEX: O-Inqu))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Inquisitiveness" and target/key label "HEX: O-Inqu)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Insight (CPI: Sa))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Insight" and target/key label "CPI: Sa)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)
A 7-item self-report measure of insomnia severity, sleep dissatisfaction, daytime impairment, and worry about sleep over the past two weeks.
Source: Bastien, C. H., Vallières, A., & Morin, C. M. (2001): Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Medicine, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 297–307.
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Inspirational Motivation (MLQ subset)
A 4-item subscale of the MLQ measuring inspirational motivation — articulating an inspiring vision and using symbols and emotional appeals to motivate followers.
Source: Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1995): MLQ-5X. Mind Garden.
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Instructional Manipulation Check (IMC, Oppenheimer)
A standard data-quality check item embedded in surveys to identify careless responding. Participants who fail are typically excluded from analysis.
Source: Oppenheimer, D. M., Meyvis, T., & Davidenko, N. (2009): Instructional manipulation checks: Detecting satisficing to increase statistical power. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 867–872.
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Instrumental support
Drawing on social support theory and using data from two samples of lower wage workers, the authors develop and validate a measure of family supportive supervisor behaviors (FSSB). FSSB is conceptualized as a multidimensional superordinate …
Source: Hammer et al. (2009): Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure of Family Supportive Supervisor Behaviors (FSSB). Journal of Management, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 837-856.
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Integration
Three relational competencies were identified: communication, cooperation and integration.
Source: Wieland/Wallenburg (2013): The Influence of Relational Competencies on Supply Chain Resilience: A Relational View. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 300-320. Adapted from Frohlich/Westbrook (2001).
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Integrity
Three facets of trustworthiness were measured based on scales designed by Mayer/Davis (1999) to assess the ability, benevolence, and integrity of a supervisor. The Likert-type scale ranged from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Source: Colquitt/Rodell (2011): Justice, trust, and trustworthiness: A longitudinal analysis integrating three theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 1183–1206
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Integrity/Honesty/Authenticity (VIA: Int))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Integrity/Honesty/Authenticity" and target/key label "VIA: Int)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Intellect (16PF: B))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Intellect" and target/key label "16PF: B)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Intellect (AB5C: V+/V+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Intellect" and target/key label "AB5C: V+/V+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Intellect (BFAS: Intellect))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Intellect" and target/key label "BFAS: Intellect)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Intellect (Big-7: 525))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Intellect" and target/key label "Big-7: 525)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Intellect (Big-Five Domain))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Intellect" and target/key label "Big-Five Domain)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Intellect (CPI: Ai))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Intellect" and target/key label "CPI: Ai)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Intellect (HPI: Education HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Intellect" and target/key label "HPI: Education HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Intellect (NEO: O5))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Intellect" and target/key label "NEO: O5)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Intellectual Breadth (JPI: Bdi))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Intellectual Breadth" and target/key label "JPI: Bdi)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Intellectual Complexity (JPI: Cpx))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Intellectual Complexity" and target/key label "JPI: Cpx)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Intellectual Openness (6FPQ: OP))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Intellectual Openness" and target/key label "6FPQ: OP)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Intellectual Openness (BFAS: Openness/Intellect))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Intellectual Openness" and target/key label "BFAS: Openness/Intellect)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Intellectual Stimulation (MLQ subset)
A 4-item subscale of the MLQ measuring intellectual stimulation — encouraging followers to question assumptions, reframe problems, and approach situations in new ways.
Source: Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1995): MLQ-5X. Mind Garden.
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Intelligence dissemination
In order to improve operationalization and psychometric properties, a market orientation scale (MARKOR) taken from Kohli et al. (1993) is modified. The resulting market orientation scale (MO) has three dimensions: intelligence generation, i…
Source: Matsuno et al. (2000): A refinement and validation of the MARKOR scale. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 527-539
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Intelligence generation
In order to improve operationalization and psychometric properties, a market orientation scale (MARKOR) taken from Kohli et al. (1993) is modified. The resulting market orientation scale (MO) has three dimensions: intelligence generation, i…
Source: Matsuno et al. (2000): A refinement and validation of the MARKOR scale. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 527-539
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Intention to Drop Out (Hardre & Reeve)
A 4-item measure of student intention to drop out of school or university. Captures the cognitive precursor to actual student attrition; widely used in retention and educational-policy research.
Source: Hardre, P. L., & Reeve, J. (2003): A motivational model of rural students' intentions to persist in, versus drop out of, high school. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 95, No. 2, pp. 347–356.
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Intention to stay
A short measure of an employee's intention to remain with the current employer over a defined time horizon. Operationally the inverse of turnover intention, it is widely used in retention, HRM-performance, and embeddedness research. Items t…
Source: Kim, S. W., Price, J. L., Mueller, C. W., & Watson, T. W. (1996): The determinants of career intent among physicians at a U.S. Air Force hospital. Human Relations, Vol. 49, No. 7, pp. 947–976.
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Interactional Justice (Niehoff & Moorman short)
A 9-item measure of interactional justice — the quality of interpersonal treatment received during the enactment of organizational procedures. Captures both interpersonal and informational justice content.
Source: Niehoff, B. P., & Moorman, R. H. (1993): Justice as a mediator of the relationship between methods of monitoring and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 527–556.
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Interdependence
Hofstede's five cultural factors are reconceptualized as ten personal cultural orientations: independence, interdependence, power, social inequality, masculinity, gender equality, risk aversion, ambiguity intolerance, tradition, and prudenc…
Source: Sharma (2010): Measuring Personal Cultural Orientations: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 787–806
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Interfunctional design process
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Flynn et al. (1994): A framework for quality management research and an associated measurement instrument. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 339-366.
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Interfunctional design process
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Cross-functional product design entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Cross-functional product design. Verify the original source before field use.
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Internal quality information usage
Through a detailed analysis of the literature, twelve constructs of integrated quality management strategies were identified: top management commitment, customer focus, supplier quality management, design quality management, benchmarking, S…
Source: Ahire et al. (1996): Development and Validation of TQM Implementation Constructs. Decision Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 23-56.
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Internal task routines
To measure the construct, the authors relied on scale items previously used by Cameron & Quinn (1999), Cartwright & Cooper (1993), Datta (1991), Hofstede et al. (1990), O’Reilly et al. (1991), and Rodriguez (2005).
Source: Lavie et al. (2012): Organizational Differences, Relational Mechanisms, and Alliance Performance. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 33, No. 13, pp. 1453–1479
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Internalized Algorithmic Bias
A multi-item measure of the degree to which users internalize biased AI outputs — accepting and acting on them despite awareness of bias.
Source: Bertrand, A., Belloum, R., Eagan, J. R., & Maxwell, W. (2022): How cognitive biases affect XAI-assisted decision-making: A systematic review. Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, pp. 78–91.
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Internalized Heterosexism Inventory (IHNI)
A 23-item measure of internalized negative attitudes toward one's own LGB identity across three subscales: personal homonegativity, gay affirmation, and morality of homosexuality.
Source: Mayfield, W. (2001): The development of an Internalized Homonegativity Inventory for gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 53–76.
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Internalized moral perspective
Scales were developed and validated for four dimensions of authentic leadership: self-awareness, relational transparency, internalized moral perspective, balanced processing.
Source: Walumbwa et al. (2008): Authentic Leadership: Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Measure? Journal of Management, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 89–126
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International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-Short)
A 7-item self-report instrument capturing four physical-activity domains (vigorous, moderate, walking, sitting) over the past 7 days. Outputs MET-minutes per week.
Source: Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjöström, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., et al. (2003): International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Vol. 35, No. 8, pp. 1381–1395.
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Internet Addiction Test (IAT, Young)
A 20-item measure of compulsive internet use across multiple domains. Increasingly relevant in workplace research on technology overuse.
Source: Young, K. S. (1998): Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPsychology & Behavior, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 237–244.
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Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF)
A 9-item measure of internet gaming disorder mapped to DSM-5 criteria. Score ≥ 5 endorsements indicates probable IGD.
Source: Pontes, H. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015): Measuring DSM-5 internet gaming disorder: Development and validation of a short psychometric scale. Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 45, pp. 137–143.
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Internet quality
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Boyer/Frohlich (2006): Analysis of Effects of Operational Execution on Repeat Purchasing for Heterogeneous Customer Segments. Production and Operations Management, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 229–242.
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Interorganizational altruism
A scale for measuring interorganizational citizenship behaviors (ICBs) is developed. Four common ICBs are operationalized: interorganizational altruism, interorganizational tolerance, interorganizational loyalty, and interorganizational com…
Source: Skinner et al. (2009): Some measures of interorganizational citizenship behaviors. Scale development and validation. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 228-242.
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Interorganizational altruism
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Interorganizational compliance entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Interorganizational compliance. Verify the original source before field use.
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Interorganizational compliance
A scale for measuring interorganizational citizenship behaviors (ICBs) is developed. Four common ICBs are operationalized: interorganizational altruism, interorganizational tolerance, interorganizational loyalty, and interorganizational com…
Source: Skinner et al. (2009): Some measures of interorganizational citizenship behaviors. Scale development and validation. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 228-242.
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Interorganizational compliance
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Interorganizational altruism entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Interorganizational altruism. Verify the original source before field use.
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Interorganizational coordination
An alliance management capability measure was conceptualized and operationalized. It is reflected by five underlying routines: interorganizational coordination, alliance portfolio coordination, interorganizational learning, alliance proacti…
Source: Schilke/Goerzen (2010): Alliance Management Capability: An Investigation of the Construct and Its Measurement, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 1192–1219.
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Interorganizational loyalty
A scale for measuring interorganizational citizenship behaviors (ICBs) is developed. Four common ICBs are operationalized: interorganizational altruism, interorganizational tolerance, interorganizational loyalty, and interorganizational com…
Source: Skinner et al. (2009): Some measures of interorganizational citizenship behaviors. Scale development and validation. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 228-242.
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Interorganizational loyalty
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Loyalty entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Loyalty. Verify the original source before field use.
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Interorganizational tolerance
A scale for measuring interorganizational citizenship behaviors (ICBs) is developed. Four common ICBs are operationalized: interorganizational altruism, interorganizational tolerance, interorganizational loyalty, and interorganizational com…
Source: Skinner et al. (2009): Some measures of interorganizational citizenship behaviors. Scale development and validation. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 228-242.
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Interpersonal influence
The conceptualization and measurement of the political skill construct was examined and evidence was validated for the Political Skill Inventory (PSI). The results of three investigations, involving seven samples, are reported that demonstr…
Source: Ferris et al. (2005): Development and Validation of the Political Skill Inventory. Journal of Management, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 126–152.
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Interpersonal justice
Four dimensions of organizational justice were measured with a scale developed and validated by Colquitt (2001): procedual, distributive, interpersonal, and informational justice. The scale ranged from 1 (to a very small extent) to 5 (to a …
Source: Colquitt/Rodell (2011): Justice, trust, and trustworthiness: A longitudinal analysis integrating three theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 1183–1206
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Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI, Davis)
A 28-item measure of dispositional empathy across four subscales: perspective taking, fantasy, empathic concern, and personal distress.
Source: Davis, M. H. (1983): Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 113–126.
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Interpersonal Trust Scale (ITS, Rotter)
A 25-item measure of generalized expectancy of trust toward others. Foundational interpersonal-trust measure.
Source: Rotter, J. B. (1967): A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust. Journal of Personality, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 651–665.
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Interpretation
Based on learning theory and multilevel thinking, measures were developed and validated for four types of team learning processes, as “team learning originates in individual intuition, is amplified through interpretation and integration, an…
Source: Kostopoulos et al. (2013): Structure and Function of Team Learning Emergence: A Multilevel Empirical Validation. Journal of Management, Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 1430–1461
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Intersectional Discrimination Measure
A multi-item measure of perceived discrimination based on the intersection of multiple identity dimensions (e.g., Black woman, Muslim immigrant) rather than single attributes.
Source: Lewis, J. A., Williams, M. G., Peppers, E. J., & Gadson, C. A. (2017): Applying intersectionality to explore the relations between gendered racism and health among Black women. Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol. 64, No. 5, pp. 475–486.
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Intimidation
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Bolino/Turnley (1999): Measuring Impression Management in Organizations: A Scale Development Based on the Jones and Pittman Taxonomy. Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 187-206.
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Intraclass Correlation (ICC1, ICC2)
Two complementary ICC indices for justifying group-level aggregation. ICC(1) is the proportion of variance attributable to group membership; ICC(2) is the reliability of group means. Both reported alongside rwg.
Source: Bliese, P. D. (2000): Within-group agreement, non-independence, and reliability: Implications for data aggregation and analysis. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations (pp. 349–381). Jossey-Bass.
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Intragroup Conflict Scale (Jehn)
A 9-item measure of three types of intragroup conflict: task conflict (about ideas), relationship conflict (interpersonal), and process conflict (about how to do tasks). Foundational measure in team-conflict research.
Source: Jehn, K. A. (1995): A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 256–282.
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Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI)
A multidimensional measure of subjective experience related to a target activity, with subscales for interest/enjoyment, perceived competence, perceived choice, value/usefulness, pressure/tension, effort, and relatedness.
Source: McAuley, E., Duncan, T., & Tammen, V. V. (1989): Psychometric properties of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory in a competitive sport setting. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 48–58.
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Introspection/Private Self-Consciousness (AB5C: V+/I-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Introspection/Private Self-Consciousness" and target/key label "AB5C: V+/I-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Introspection/Private Self-Consciousness (HPI: Self Focus HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Introspection/Private Self-Consciousness" and target/key label "HPI: Self Focus HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Introspection/Private Self-Consciousness (Private Self-Consciousness: Buss, 1980))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Introspection/Private Self-Consciousness" and target/key label "Private Self-Consciousness: Buss, 1980)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Introversion (16PF: Q2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Introversion" and target/key label "16PF: Q2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Introversion (CPI: V1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Introversion" and target/key label "CPI: V1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Introversion (IPIP-IPC: Aloof-Introverted))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Introversion" and target/key label "IPIP-IPC: Aloof-Introverted)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Intuition
Based on learning theory and multilevel thinking, measures were developed and validated for four types of team learning processes, as “team learning originates in individual intuition, is amplified through interpretation and integration, an…
Source: Kostopoulos et al. (2013): Structure and Function of Team Learning Emergence: A Multilevel Empirical Validation. Journal of Management, Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 1430–1461
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Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2)
A 23-item measure of intuitive eating across four subscales: unconditional permission to eat, eating for physical rather than emotional reasons, reliance on hunger/satiety cues, and body-food choice congruence.
Source: Tylka, T. L., & Kroon Van Diest, A. M. (2013): The Intuitive Eating Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation with college women and men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 137–153.
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Irrational Beliefs (CAT-PD: Unusual Beliefs))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Irrational Beliefs" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Unusual Beliefs)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Irresponsibility (CAT-PD: Irresponsibility))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Irresponsibility" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Irresponsibility)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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IRT-Based Item Quality Diagnostics
A method using item-response theory to evaluate item discrimination, difficulty, and information across the latent trait. Identifies poor items, redundant items, and trait coverage gaps.
Source: Embretson, S. E., & Reise, S. P. (2000): Item Response Theory for Psychologists. Lawrence Erlbaum.
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IS Continuance Intention (Bhattacherjee)
A 3-item measure of intention to continue using an information system, anchored in expectation-confirmation theory.
Source: Bhattacherjee, A. (2001): Understanding information systems continuance: An expectation-confirmation model. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 351–370.
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Islamic Work Ethic (IWE, Ali)
A 17-item measure of the Islamic Work Ethic — beliefs and values about work derived from Islamic teaching, including the dignity of labour, hard work as virtue, cooperation, and rejection of laziness and exploitation. Heavily used in MENA H…
Source: Ali, A. J. (1988): Scaling an Islamic work ethic. Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 128, No. 5, pp. 575–583.
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IT skills
The paper defines and operationalizes eight Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) competence constructs. A two-stage normative process of scale development is followed. First, a portfolio of eight generic constructs that are hypothesized to be…
Source: Stratman/Roth (2002): Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Competence Constructs: Two-Stage Multi-Item Scale Development and Validation. Decision Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 601-628.
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Jefferson Scale of Attitudes toward Physician-Nurse Collaboration
A 15-item measure of attitudes toward physician-nurse collaboration across four factors: shared education and teamwork, caring vs. curing, nurse's autonomy, and physician's authority.
Source: Hojat, M., Fields, S. K., Veloski, J. J., Griffiths, M., Cohen, M. J. M., & Plumb, J. D. (1999): Psychometric properties of an attitude scale measuring physician-nurse collaboration. Evaluation & the Health Professions, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 208–220.
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JIT delivery by suppliers
The research takes a step toward clarifying the concept of lean production and develops and validates a multi-dimensional measure of lean production. The 10 distinct dimensions of a lean system are continuous flow, customer involvement, emp…
Source: Shah/Ward (2007): Defining and developing measures of lean production. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 785-805.
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Job Autonomy (Morgeson & Humphrey WDQ)
A 9-item measure of three facets of work autonomy from the Work Design Questionnaire: work-scheduling autonomy, decision-making autonomy, and work-methods autonomy. Each facet has 3 items.
Source: Morgeson, F. P., & Humphrey, S. E. (2006): The Work Design Questionnaire (WDQ): Developing and validating a comprehensive measure for assessing job design and the nature of work. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 91, No. 6, pp. 1321–1339.
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Job Content Questionnaire (Karasek JCQ)
A 49-item measure of job demands and control built on the Karasek Demand-Control model. Subscales include psychological demands, decision latitude (skill discretion + decision authority), social support, and job insecurity.
Source: Karasek, R., Brisson, C., Kawakami, N., Houtman, I., Bongers, P., & Amick, B. (1998): The Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ): An instrument for internationally comparative assessments of psychosocial job characteristics. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 322–355.
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Job Crafting (Tims, Bakker & Derks)
A 21-item measure of four job-crafting behaviours: increasing structural job resources, increasing social job resources, increasing challenging job demands, and decreasing hindering job demands. Anchored in the JD-R model.
Source: Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2012): Development and validation of the job crafting scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 173–186.
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Job Crafting Short-Form
A 9-item short form of Tims et al. (2012) job crafting scale, suitable for diary studies and brief surveys.
Source: Petrou, P., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2018): Crafting the change: The role of employee job crafting behaviors for successful organizational change. Journal of Management, Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 1766–1792.
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Job Demands-Resources Scale (Bakker & Demerouti JDR)
A multi-item measure operationalizing the JD-R model: job demands (workload, emotional demands, role conflict) and job resources (autonomy, feedback, social support, opportunities for development).
Source: Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017): Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 273–285.
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Job Descriptive Index (JDI)
A 72-item measure of job satisfaction with five facets: work itself, pay, promotion opportunities, supervision, and coworkers. Foundational job-satisfaction instrument.
Source: Smith, P. C., Kendall, L. M., & Hulin, C. L. (1969): The measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement. Rand McNally.
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Job Diagnostic Survey (Hackman & Oldham)
A foundational instrument operationalizing the five core dimensions of the Job Characteristics Model: skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. Used to compute the Motivating Potential Score (MPS).
Source: Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975): Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 159–170.
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Job Diagnostic Survey-Short (JDS-S)
A short version of the Job Diagnostic Survey measuring the five core job dimensions: skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.
Source: Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980): Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
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Job Embeddedness (Holtom Mitchell short)
A 21-item composite measure of job embeddedness with shorter subscales for fit, links, and sacrifice in both organization and community.
Source: Holtom, B. C., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T. W., & Eberly, M. B. (2008): Turnover and retention research: A glance at the past, a closer review of the present, and a venture into the future. Academy of Management Annals, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 231–274.
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Job embeddedness (Mitchell, Holtom, Lee, Sablynski & Erez)
A multidimensional measure of the extent to which employees are 'stuck' in their job and community. Six dimensions tap fit, links, and sacrifice within the organization and within the community. Composite scores are formative; the scale pre…
Source: Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. C., Lee, T. W., Sablynski, C. J., & Erez, M. (2001): Why people stay: Using job embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 6, pp. 1102–1121.
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Job Engagement (Rich, LePine & Crawford)
An 18-item measure of job engagement based on Kahn's (1990) model — the simultaneous investment of physical, emotional, and cognitive energies in role performance. Distinct from UWES because it is grounded in self-investment rather than wel…
Source: Rich, B. L., LePine, J. A., & Crawford, E. R. (2010): Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 617–635.
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Job Insecurity (De Witte)
A 4-item measure of perceived threat of involuntary job loss in the near future, treating insecurity as a subjective stressor. Distinct from objective unemployment risk and predicts strain and turnover intention.
Source: De Witte, H. (2000): Arbeidsethos en jobonzekerheid: Meting en gevolgen voor welzijn, tevredenheid en inzet op het werk. In R. Bouwen, K. De Witte, H. De Witte, & T. Taillieu (Eds.), Van groep naar gemeenschap. Garant.
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Job Involvement (Kanungo JIS)
A 10-item measure of job involvement — the degree to which a person psychologically identifies with their job and considers their job performance important to their self-worth.
Source: Kanungo, R. N. (1982): Measurement of job and work involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 341–349.
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Job Pride (Gunkel)
A multi-item measure of pride in one's job — feeling that the work itself, not just the employer, is something to be proud of.
Source: Gunkel, M., Schlaegel, C., & Engle, R. L. (2014): Culture's influence on emotional intelligence: An empirical study of nine countries. Journal of International Management, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 256–274.
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Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS, Spector)
A 36-item measure of job satisfaction across nine facets: pay, promotion, supervision, fringe benefits, contingent rewards, operating conditions, coworkers, nature of work, and communication.
Source: Spector, P. E. (1985): Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of the Job Satisfaction Survey. American Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 693–713.
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Job Search Behaviour (Blau)
A 12-item measure of job-search behaviour with two factors: preparatory (passive information gathering) and active (concrete job-seeking actions). Foundational measure in unemployment and turnover research.
Source: Blau, G. (1994): Testing a two-dimensional measure of job search behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 288–312.
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Job Stagnation
A multi-item measure of perceived job stagnation — feelings that one's job has become routine, unchallenging, and no longer offers growth.
Source: Bardwick, J. M. (1986): The plateauing trap: How to avoid it in your career. AMACOM.
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Job Stress (Parker & DeCotiis)
A 13-item measure of subjective job stress with two dimensions: time stress (excessive demands) and job-related anxiety. Foundational job-stress measure in OB and occupational-health research.
Source: Parker, D. F., & DeCotiis, T. A. (1983): Organizational determinants of job stress. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 160–177.
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Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale (JAWS, Van Katwyk)
A 30-item measure of emotional reactions to one's job, organized in a circumplex of four quadrants combining hedonic tone (positive/negative) and arousal (high/low).
Source: Van Katwyk, P. T., Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Kelloway, E. K. (2000): Using the Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale (JAWS) to investigate affective responses to work stressors. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 219–230.
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Journaling, Interest in (ORAIS: Writing/Remembering))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Journaling, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Writing/Remembering)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Joyfulness (MPQ: WB))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Joyfulness" and target/key label "MPQ: WB)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Judgment/Open-mindedness (VIA: Jud))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Judgment/Open-mindedness" and target/key label "VIA: Jud)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10)
A 10-item measure of non-specific psychological distress in the past 4 weeks. Used in national health surveys including the US NHIS and the Australian NHS.
Source: Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L. T., Walters, E. E., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002): Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 959–976.
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Kindness/Generosity (VIA: Kin))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Kindness/Generosity" and target/key label "VIA: Kin)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Knowledge channels
A set of new, multi-item measures are operationalized. The authors define and measure the salient infrastructural competencies – termed business-to-business seller competence (B2B-SC) – associated with the seller-side of Internet-enabled co…
Source: Rosenzweig/Roth (2007): B2B seller competence: Construct development and measurement using a supply chain strategy lens. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 1311-1331.
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Knowledge Hiding (Connelly et al.)
A 12-item measure of knowledge hiding across three strategies: evasive hiding, playing dumb, and rationalized hiding.
Source: Connelly, C. E., Zweig, D., Webster, J., & Trougakos, J. P. (2012): Knowledge hiding in organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 64–88.
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Knowledge Management Capability (Lee & Choi)
A multi-item firm-level measure of knowledge-management capability across enabler dimensions: technology, structure, culture, and people.
Source: Lee, H., & Choi, B. (2003): Knowledge management enablers, processes, and organizational performance: An integrative view and empirical examination. Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 179–228.
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Knowledge Sharing Behaviour (Bock et al.)
A 5-item measure of the extent to which employees share their knowledge and expertise with coworkers, especially through electronic knowledge-management systems. Foundational measure in KM and HRM-tech research.
Source: Bock, G.-W., Zmud, R. W., Kim, Y.-G., & Lee, J.-N. (2005): Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: Examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 87–111.
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Knowledge Sharing Intention (TPB-based)
A multi-item measure of intention to share knowledge with colleagues, anchored in the Theory of Planned Behaviour (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control).
Source: Bock, G. W., Zmud, R. W., Kim, Y. G., & Lee, J. N. (2005): Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 87–111.
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Knowledge Transfer Effectiveness
A multi-item measure of perceived effectiveness of knowledge transfer between organizational units — completeness, timeliness, and usability of transferred knowledge.
Source: Argote, L., & Ingram, P. (2000): Knowledge transfer: A basis for competitive advantage in firms. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 150–169.
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Laissez-Faire Leadership (MLQ subset)
A 4-item subset of the MLQ-5X capturing laissez-faire — the absence of leadership and avoidance of decisions. Treated as the most ineffective leadership style in the full-range model.
Source: Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1995/2004): Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X). Mind Garden.
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Language Mastery (HPI: Good Memory))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Language Mastery" and target/key label "HPI: Good Memory)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Language Mastery (ORVIS: Erudition))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Language Mastery" and target/key label "ORVIS: Erudition)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Latent Method Factor (Confirmatory)
A confirmatory-factor-analysis approach to common-method bias: model substantive constructs plus a single latent method factor on all items, examining the variance attributable to the method factor.
Source: Williams, L. J., Hartman, N., & Cavazotte, F. (2010): Method variance and marker variables: A review and comprehensive CFA marker technique. Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 477–514.
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Leader Effectiveness (Global)
A 4-item global measure of perceived leader effectiveness, often used as outcome variable in leadership research.
Source: Tsui, A. S. (1984): A role set analysis of managerial reputation. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 64–96.
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Leader Group Prototypicality (Platow & van Knippenberg)
A 6-item measure of the extent to which a leader is perceived as prototypical of the group — embodying the group's defining values and characteristics.
Source: Van Knippenberg, B., & Van Knippenberg, D. (2005): Leader self-sacrifice and leadership effectiveness: The moderating role of leader prototypicality. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 90, No. 1, pp. 25–37.
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Leader Humility (Owens & Hekman 9-item)
A 9-item measure of leader humility focused on three behaviours: acknowledging personal limits, showcasing followers' strengths, and modelling teachability. Distinct from broader humility traits.
Source: Owens, B. P., & Hekman, D. R. (2012): Modeling how to grow: An inductive examination of humble leader behaviors, contingencies, and outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 787–818.
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Leader-member exchange
Schriesheim, Neider, Scandura, and Tepper's (1992) six-item leader-member-exchange scale was used to measure subordinate-perceived LMX in the current investigation. This instrument (LMX6) is based upon the conceptual work of Dienesch and Li…
Source: Schriesheim et al. (1998): Delegation and leader-member exchange: Main effects, moderators, and measurement issues. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 298-318. Previously used in: Schriesheim, Neider, Scandura, and Tepper (1992).
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Leader-member exchange
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Affect entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Affect. Verify the original source before field use.
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Leader-Member Guanxi (LMG)
A 6-item measure of guanxi quality between leader and member in Chinese organizational contexts. Distinct from LMX in emphasizing personal-life ties.
Source: Chen, Y., Friedman, R., Yu, E., Fang, W., & Lu, X. (2009): Supervisor–subordinate guanxi: Developing a three-dimensional model and scale. Management and Organization Review, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 375–399.
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Leadership
The authors follow a two-phased approach to develop multi-item scales that measure dimensions of service orientation in the context of business-to-business e-commerce. Service orientation was conceptualized as a third-order construct compri…
Source: Oliveira/Roth (2012): Service orientation: The derivation of underlying constructs and measures. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 156-190.
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Leadership
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Service culture entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Service culture. Verify the original source before field use.
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Leadership (6FPQ: EX2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Leadership" and target/key label "6FPQ: EX2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Leadership (AB5C: I+/V+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Leadership" and target/key label "AB5C: I+/V+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Leadership (HPI: Amb))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Leadership" and target/key label "HPI: Amb)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Leadership (HPI: Leadership HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Leadership" and target/key label "HPI: Leadership HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Leadership (ORVIS: Leadership HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Leadership" and target/key label "ORVIS: Leadership HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Leadership (VIA: Lea))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Leadership" and target/key label "VIA: Lea)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Leadership involvement in quality
The authors identify improvement and innovation as two critical plant level capabilities. These capabilities are each conceptualized as a second-order factor and measured through a distinct bundle of routines. The following routines underly…
Source: Peng et al. (2008): Linking routines to operations capabilities: A new perspective. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 730-748. Based on: Ketokivi and Schroeder (2004).
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Leader–Member Exchange (LMX-7)
A 7-item measure of the perceived quality of the dyadic exchange relationship between a follower and an immediate supervisor. Items tap mutual respect, trust, and obligation. The most cited LMX measure and is the standard short form for org…
Source: Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995): Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years. Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 219–247.
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Lean Manufacturing Practices
A multi-item measure of lean manufacturing practices across multiple bundles: just-in-time, total quality management, total preventive maintenance, and human-resource management for lean.
Source: Shah, R., & Ward, P. T. (2007): Defining and developing measures of lean production. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 785–805.
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Learning
The paper defines and operationalizes eight Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) competence constructs. A two-stage normative process of scale development is followed. First, a portfolio of eight generic constructs that are hypothesized to be…
Source: Stratman/Roth (2002): Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Competence Constructs: Two-Stage Multi-Item Scale Development and Validation. Decision Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 601-628.
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Learning Transfer System Inventory (LTSI, Holton, Bates & Ruona)
A 68-item measure of factors affecting transfer of training to the workplace, organized into 16 factors covering trainee characteristics, training design, and work environment.
Source: Holton, E. F., Bates, R. A., & Ruona, W. E. A. (2000): Development of a generalized learning transfer system inventory. Human Resource Development Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 333–360.
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Learning, Love of (ORAIS: Understanding))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Learning, Love of" and target/key label "ORAIS: Understanding)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Learning, Love of (VIA: Lov))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Learning, Love of" and target/key label "VIA: Lov)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (Leeds SEQ)
Obviously, we all need to sleep. Our well-being is related to the quality of our sleep. Therefore, sleep questionnaires are often used in psychology and medicine. The Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire is a commonly used tool to determine…
Source: Parrott, A.C. & Hindmarch, I. (1978). Factor analysis of a sleep evaluation questionnaire. Psychological Medicine, 8, 325-329. LINK | Parrott, A.C. & Hindmarch, I. (1980). The Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire in Psychopharmacological Investigations - a Review. Psychopharmacology, 71, 173-179. LINK
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Liberalism (CPI: CT))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Liberalism" and target/key label "CPI: CT)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Liberalism (NEO: O6))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Liberalism" and target/key label "NEO: O6)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS)
A 24-item clinician- or self-rated measure of fear and avoidance in social interaction and performance situations, widely used in social-anxiety-disorder research.
Source: Liebowitz, M. R. (1987): Social phobia. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry, Vol. 22, pp. 141–173.
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Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R)
A 10-item measure of dispositional optimism (3 optimism + 3 pessimism + 4 fillers) — generalized expectations about positive vs. negative outcomes. Foundational well-being measure.
Source: Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994): Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 67, No. 6, pp. 1063–1078.
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Linguistic Cultural Intelligence
A multi-item measure of the linguistic dimension of cultural intelligence — ability to communicate effectively across language barriers, including code-switching and accommodating non-native speakers.
Source: Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Rockstuhl, T. (2015): Cultural intelligence: Origins, conceptualization, evolution, and methodological diversity. In M. J. Gelfand, C.-y. Chiu, & Y.-y. Hong (Eds.), Advances in culture and psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 273–323). Oxford University Press.
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Liveliness (HEX: X-Live))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Liveliness" and target/key label "HEX: X-Live)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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LLM Hallucination Concern
A multi-item measure of user concern that large language models generate plausible but factually incorrect information.
Source: Huang, L., Yu, W., Ma, W., Zhong, W., Feng, Z., Wang, H., Chen, Q., Peng, W., Feng, X., Qin, B., & Liu, T. (2025): A survey on hallucination in large language models. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, Vol. 43, No. 2, Article 42.
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Location flexibility
The authors develop and validate a 16-item measure of i-deals negotiated by job incumbents across four content domains: task and work responsibilities, schedule flexibility, location flexibility and financial incentives.
Source: Rosen et al. (2013): Let’s Make a Deal: Development and Validation of the Ex Post I-Deals Scale. Journal of Management, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 709–742
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Locus of Control (Locus of Control: Levenson, 1981))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Locus of Control" and target/key label "Locus of Control: Levenson, 1981)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Locus of Control (Locus of Control: Rational Scale))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Locus of Control" and target/key label "Locus of Control: Rational Scale)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Locus of Control (Rotter I-E)
A 23-item forced-choice measure of locus of control — the extent to which one believes outcomes are contingent on one's own behaviour (internal) versus on external forces (external).
Source: Rotter, J. B. (1966): Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, Vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 1–28.
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Locus of control (Rotter, 1966)
Locus of control is an important concept in various areas of psychology. It refers to the degree to which a person believes that he or she can influence his or her live through his/her own actions. In other words, to what degree does someon…
Source: J.B. Rotter. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80 , (1, Whole No. 609). | Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, C. J. (2002). Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83 , 693-710.
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Logistics complexity
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Hofer/Knemeyer (2009): Controlling for logistics complexity: scale development and validation. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 187-200.
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Logistics integration
The authors identify key constructs related to supply chain management. Based on a systematic instrument develop process, they develop a set of reliable, valid, and unidimensional measurement scales.
Source: Chen/Paulraj (2004): Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 119–150
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Loneliness (TILS)
Loneliness means that people lack connection to other people. More formally, loneliness can be defined as "the exceedingly unpleasant and driving experience connected with inadequate discharge of need for human intimacy" (Sulivan, 1953, p.2…
Source: Ernst, J.M. & Cacioppo, J.T. (1999). Lonely hearts: Psychological perspectives on loneliness. Applied & Preventative Psychology, 8 (1) , 1-22. | Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies. Research on Aging, 26(6) , 655-672. | Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of personality and social psychology, 39(3) , 472. | Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry . New York: WW. Norton. (definition on p.260, as cited in Tharayil).
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Loneliness (UPLAS)
Humans are "social animals" and typically do not like to be on their own too much. People like to hang out and connect with other people. People that lack that connection are called lonely . More formally, loneliness can be defined as "the …
Source: Tharayil, D.P. (2012). Developing the University of the Philippines Loneliness Assessment Scale: A Cross-Cultural Measurement. Social Indicators Research, 106 (2) , 307-321. | Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry . New York: WW. Norton. (definition on p.260, as cited in Tharayil). | Ernst, J.M. & Cacioppo, J.T. (1999). Lonely hearts: Psychological perspectives on loneliness. Applied & Preventative Psychology, 8 (1) , 1-22. | Interesting paper about loneliness and shyness
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Long-term relationship
The authors identify key constructs related to supply chain management. Based on a systematic instrument develop process, they develop a set of reliable, valid, and unidimensional measurement scales.
Source: Chen/Paulraj (2004): Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 119–150
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Love Attitudes Scale (Short Form)
Researchers have studied the way people express and experience romantic love. The sociologist Lee (1973) became very well known for his classification of love styles , also called the colors of love . Clyde and Susan Hendrick (University of…
Source: Hendrick, C. & Hendrick, S. (1986). A theory and method of love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50 , 392-402. | Hendrick, C., Hendrick, S., & Dicke, A. (1998). The Love Attitudes Scale: Short form. Journal of Personal and Social Relationships, 15 , 147-159. | Lee, J. A. (1973). Colours of love: An exploration of the ways of loving . Toronto: New Press.
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Love of Learning (ORAIS: Understanding))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Love of Learning" and target/key label "ORAIS: Understanding)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Love of Learning (VIA: Lov))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Love of Learning" and target/key label "VIA: Lov)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Love of Reading (HPI: Reading HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Love of Reading" and target/key label "HPI: Reading HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Love of Reading (ORAIS: Reading))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Love of Reading" and target/key label "ORAIS: Reading)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Love, Capacity for (VIA: Cap))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Love, Capacity for" and target/key label "VIA: Cap)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Loyalty
It was aimed to measure Leader-Member Exchange (LMX). Therefore a multidimensional measure was developed and validated. Item analysis involving 302 working students, followed by construct and criterion-related validation using 249 employees…
Source: Liden/Maslyn (1998): Multidimensionality of Leader-Member Exchange: An Empirical Assessment through Scale Development. Journal of Management, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 43-72.
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Lying in Everyday Situations Scale (LiES)
Pretty much all people lie at least occasionally and for different reasons. Obviously, this is of great interest. Hart and colleagues (2019) list the following possible reasons:
Source: Christian L. Hart, Jelisa M. Jones, John A. Terrizzi, Drew A. Curtis. (2019). Development of the Lying in Everyday Situations Scale. The American Journal of Psychology, 132 (3) , 343-352. doi: https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.132.3.0343 . Download for free | Littrell, S., Risko, E.F. and Fugelsang, J.A. (2021), The Bullshitting Frequency Scale: Development and psychometric properties. Br. J. Soc. Psychol., 60: 248-270 e12379. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12379 | The full scale and data of the Littrell and colleagues study which contains data on the LiES can be downloaded from the papers' OSF page .
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Mach IV (Christie & Geis)
A 20-item measure of Machiavellianism — manipulativeness, cynical worldview, and lack of conventional morality. Foundational measure of the Dark Triad's first member.
Source: Christie, R., & Geis, F. L. (1970): Studies in Machiavellianism. Academic Press.
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Machiavellianism (JPI: Sas))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Machiavellianism" and target/key label "JPI: Sas)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Management leadership
Eight quality management practices were identified by the authors: customer focus, employee relations, management leadership, process management, product/service design, quality data and reporting, supplier quality management, and training.
Source: Kaynak/Hartley (2008): A replication and extension of quality management into the supply chain. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 468–489.
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Management leadership
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Quality leadership entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Quality leadership. Verify the original source before field use.
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Management style
To measure the construct, the authors relied on scale items previously used by Cameron & Quinn (1999), Chatterjee et al. (1992), Datta (1991), Hofstede et al. (1990), Kanter & Corn (1994), and Pothukuchi et al. (2002).
Source: Lavie et al. (2012): Organizational Differences, Relational Mechanisms, and Alliance Performance. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 33, No. 13, pp. 1453–1479
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Managerial Coaching Behaviour (Heslin, Vandewalle & Latham)
A 10-item measure of the extent to which a manager engages in coaching behaviours: guidance, facilitation, and inspiration. Predicts subordinate performance, learning, and goal orientation in the workplace.
Source: Heslin, P. A., Vandewalle, D., & Latham, G. P. (2006): Keen to help? Managers' implicit person theories and their subsequent employee coaching. Personnel Psychology, Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 871–902.
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Manipulativeness (CAT-PD: Manipulativeness))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Manipulativeness" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Manipulativeness)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Manufacturing process innovation implementation performance
The 5-point Likert-type scale was developed based on previous literature, interviews with managers, and item-sorting exercises.
Source: Lee et al. (2011): The roles of worker expertise, information sharing quality, and psychological safety in manufacturing process innovation: An intellectual capital perspective. Production and Operations Management, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 556–570
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Marker Variable Approach (Lindell & Whitney)
A method for detecting and adjusting for common-method bias by including a theoretically unrelated 'marker' variable. The smallest correlation between marker and substantive variables is used to estimate method-bias-adjusted correlations.
Source: Lindell, M. K., & Whitney, D. J. (2001): Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 86, No. 1, pp. 114–121.
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Market acuity
A set of new, multi-item measures are operationalized. The authors define and measure the salient infrastructural competencies – termed business-to-business seller competence (B2B-SC) – associated with the seller-side of Internet-enabled co…
Source: Rosenzweig/Roth (2007): B2B seller competence: Construct development and measurement using a supply chain strategy lens. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 1311-1331.
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Market acuity
Related management scale cross-referenced from the New service development entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for New service development. Verify the original source before field use.
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Market Orientation (MARKOR, Kohli & Jaworski)
A multi-item measure of market orientation across three dimensions: intelligence generation, intelligence dissemination, and responsiveness.
Source: Jaworski, B. J., & Kohli, A. K. (1993): Market orientation: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 53–70.
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Market volatility
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Atuahene-Gima/Li (2002): When does trust matter? Antecedents and contingent effects of supervisee trust on performance in selling new products in China and the United States. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 61-81. Adapted from Bello/Gilliland (1997).
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Marketing proficiency
Although certain items of some scales were developed specifically for the Japanese context, many were derived from existing validated scales. Respondents answered all questions using a Likert-type scale ranging from 0 to 10; field research …
Source: Song/Montoya-Weiss (2001): The Effect of Perceived Technological Uncertainty on Japanese New Product Development. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 61-80.
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Marketing proficiency
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Competitive and market intelligence entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Competitive and market intelligence. Verify the original source before field use.
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Marketing routines
To measure the construct, the authors relied on scale items previously used by Kohli et al. (1993), and Pothukuchi et al. (2002).
Source: Lavie et al. (2012): Organizational Differences, Relational Mechanisms, and Alliance Performance. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 33, No. 13, pp. 1453–1479
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Marketing synergy
Although certain items of some scales were developed specifically for the Japanese context, many were derived from existing validated scales. Respondents answered all questions using a Likert-type scale ranging from 0 to 10; field research …
Source: Song/Montoya-Weiss (2001): The Effect of Perceived Technological Uncertainty on Japanese New Product Development. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 61-80.
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Marketing synergy
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Technical synergy entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Technical synergy. Verify the original source before field use.
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Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS)
A 33-item True/False measure of the tendency to give socially desirable responses, classically used as a control for response bias. Short forms (Reynolds 13- and 12-item) are widely used.
Source: Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960): A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 349–354.
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Masculinity
Hofstede's five cultural factors are reconceptualized as ten personal cultural orientations: independence, interdependence, power, social inequality, masculinity, gender equality, risk aversion, ambiguity intolerance, tradition, and prudenc…
Source: Sharma (2010): Measuring Personal Cultural Orientations: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 787–806
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's hierarchy of needs (1943) is well known. If you do not know much about it, please watch our PsyToolkit tutorial video below. Toarmina and Gao (2013) created a questionnaire to measure the degree to which people are satisfied on the…
Source: Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50 , 370–396. | Taormina, R.J. and Gao, J.H. (2013). Maslow and the Motivation Hierarchy: Measuring Satisfaction of the Needs. The American Journal of Psychology, 126(2) , 155-177
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Material Values Scale (Richins)
A 15-item measure of materialism along three dimensions: success (using possessions to judge success), centrality (acquisitiveness as life-priority), and happiness (belief that possessions yield happiness).
Source: Richins, M. L. (2004): The material values scale: Measurement properties and development of a short form. Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 209–219.
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Material Values Scale-9 short
A 9-item short form of Richins (2004) Material Values Scale, validated for use when survey length is constrained.
Source: Richins, M. L. (2004): The material values scale: Measurement properties and development of a short form. JCR, 31(1), 209–219.
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Materialism (Belk MVS)
A 24-item measure of materialism with three subscales: possessiveness, non-generosity, and envy. The original materialism scale, predating Richins.
Source: Belk, R. W. (1985): Materialism: Trait aspects of living in the material world. Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 265–280.
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Maximization Scale (Schwartz et al.)
A 13-item measure of the tendency to maximize (seek the best) versus satisfice (settle for good enough) in decision-making. Maximizers experience more regret and lower well-being.
Source: Schwartz, B., Ward, A., Monterosso, J., Lyubomirsky, S., White, K., & Lehman, D. R. (2002): Maximizing versus satisficing: Happiness is a matter of choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 83, No. 5, pp. 1178–1197.
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MBI Human Services Survey - Medical Personnel
A 22-item adaptation of MBI for medical personnel measuring emotional exhaustion, depersonalization (of patients), and personal accomplishment in healthcare contexts.
Source: Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., Leiter, M. P., Schaufeli, W. B., & Schwab, R. L. (2018): Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (4th ed.). Mind Garden.
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McDonald's Omega (ω)
A composite-reliability estimator preferred over Cronbach's alpha when item loadings vary. Omega = (sum loadings)² / [(sum loadings)² + sum residual variances]. Range 0–1.
Source: McDonald, R. P. (1999): Test theory: A unified treatment. Lawrence Erlbaum.
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McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD)
A 10-item self-report screener for borderline personality disorder mapped to DSM criteria. Score ≥ 7 indicates likely BPD.
Source: Zanarini, M. C., Vujanovic, A. A., Parachini, E. A., Boulanger, J. L., Frankenburg, F. R., & Hennen, J. (2003): A screening measure for BPD: The McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD). Journal of Personality Disorders, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 568–573.
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Meaning
Based on a thorough scale development and validation process, the author presents a multidimensional measure of psychological empowerment in the workplace. It consists of four dimensions: meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact.
Source: Spreitzer (1995): Psychological Empowerment in the Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 1442–1465
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Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ)
A 10-item measure with two 5-item subscales: presence of meaning in life and search for meaning. Foundational positive-psychology instrument.
Source: Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006): The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 80–93.
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Measure of Acceptance of the Theory of Evolution (MATE)
People may differ in the degree to which they accept certain facts. This can be seen as part of cognitive dissonance or, in other words, a clash between incompatible ideas. A good example of this is the theory of evolution , which is a well…
Source: Rutledge, M .L . & Warden, M .A . (1999). The development and validation of the Measure of Acceptance of the Theory of Evolution Instrument. School Science and Mathematics, 99(1) , 13-18. | Rutledge, M.L. & Sadler, K.C. (2007). Reliability of the Measure of Acceptance of the Theory of Evolution (MATE) Instrument with University Students. The American Biology Teacher, 69(6) , 332-335. Read for free here.
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Measure of Anxiety in Selection Interviews (MASI)
Interviews for job or a colleague or an aware make people nervous. You might know this yourself. If you are preparing for a job interview, you might want to know the following: Am I more nervous for the interview than others? If so, do this…
Source: McCarthy, J. and Goffin, R. (2004), Measuring Job Interview Anxiety: Beyond Weak Knees and Sweaty Palms. Personnel Psychology, 57, 607-637. LINK
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Measure of Sexual Identity Exploration and Commitment (MoSIEC)
A 22-item measure of sexual identity development across four dimensions: commitment, exploration, sexual orientation identity uncertainty, and synthesis/integration.
Source: Worthington, R. L., Navarro, R. L., Savoy, H. B., & Hampton, D. (2008): Development, reliability, and validity of the Measure of Sexual Identity Exploration and Commitment (MoSIEC). Developmental Psychology, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 22–33.
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Measurement Invariance Testing (MGCFA)
A multi-group confirmatory-factor-analysis approach to test whether a measure functions equivalently across groups (e.g., countries, languages, gender). Tests configural, metric, scalar, and strict invariance.
Source: Vandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000): A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 4–70.
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Measurement system
The authors follow a two-phased approach to develop multi-item scales that measure dimensions of service orientation in the context of business-to-business e-commerce. Service orientation was conceptualized as a third-order construct compri…
Source: Oliveira/Roth (2012): Service orientation: The derivation of underlying constructs and measures. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 156-190.
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Measurement system
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Service standards entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Service standards. Verify the original source before field use.
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Mechanical/Construction Interests (ORVIS: Production))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Mechanical/Construction Interests" and target/key label "ORVIS: Production)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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MENA-Context Organizational Justice
An adaptation of Colquitt's (2001) four-factor justice scale to MENA workplace contexts, with cultural sensitivity to wasta, hierarchy, and Islamic ethical norms. Used in recent Saudi, UAE, and Egypt HRM research.
Source: Al-Zu'bi, H. A. (2010): A study of relationship between organizational justice and job satisfaction. International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 5, No. 12, pp. 102–109.
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Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF)
The MHC-SF is a scale measureing emotional wellbeing. The MHC-SF has been translated in various languages and has been evaluated psychometrically. The scale is relatively short, with 14 items. The scale was developed by Corey L. Keyes .
Source: Keyes, C.L.M. (2006). Mental health in adolescence: Is America’s youth flourishing? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76 , 395–402. | Keyes, C. L. M., Wissing, M., Potgieter, J. P., Temane, M., Kruger, A., & van Rooy, S. (2008). Evaluation of the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF) in setswana-speaking south africans. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 15(3) , 181-192.
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Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF, Keyes)
A 14-item measure of three components of positive mental health: emotional well-being (3), social well-being (5), and psychological well-being (6). Operationalizes Keyes's flourishing/languishing model.
Source: Keyes, C. L. M. (2009): The Mental Health Continuum—Short Form (MHC-SF). Atlanta: Emory University.
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Mental Toughness Inventory (MTI, Middleton et al.)
A 67-item measure of mental toughness in sport across 12 facets including self-efficacy, persistence, focus, and resilience under pressure.
Source: Middleton, S. C., Marsh, H. W., Martin, A. J., Richards, G. E., & Perry, C. (2004): Discovering mental toughness: A qualitative study of mental toughness in elite athletes. Psych Test Assessment Modeling.
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Mentor Career Outcomes
A multi-item measure of perceived career outcomes received from mentoring, including sponsorship, exposure, coaching, protection, and challenging assignments.
Source: Ragins, B. R., & Cotton, J. L. (1999): Mentor functions and outcomes: A comparison of men and women in formal and informal mentoring relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 84, No. 4, pp. 529–550.
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Mentoring Functions (Noe)
A 21-item measure of two mentoring functions: career-related (sponsorship, exposure, coaching, protection, challenging assignments) and psychosocial (acceptance, friendship, role-modelling, counselling). The dominant operationalization of f…
Source: Noe, R. A. (1988): An investigation of the determinants of successful assigned mentoring relationships. Personnel Psychology, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 457–479.
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Mercy/Forgiveness (HEX: A-Forg))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Mercy/Forgiveness" and target/key label "HEX: A-Forg)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Mercy/Forgiveness (HPI: Easy to Live With HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Mercy/Forgiveness" and target/key label "HPI: Easy to Live With HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Mercy/Forgiveness (HPI: No Hostility HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Mercy/Forgiveness" and target/key label "HPI: No Hostility HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Mercy/Forgiveness (VIA: For))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Mercy/Forgiveness" and target/key label "VIA: For)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Meta AI Literacy Scale (MAILS)
A 39-item multidimensional measure of AI literacy across eight facets: use & apply AI, understand AI, detect AI, AI ethics, problem-solve with AI, learn about AI, AI self-efficacy, and AI design.
Source: Carolus, A., Koch, M. J., Straka, S., Latoschik, M. E., & Wienrich, C. (2023): MAILS – Meta AI Literacy Scale: Development and testing of an AI literacy questionnaire based on well-founded competency models. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans, Vol. 1, No. 2, Article 100014.
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Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI, Schraw & Dennison)
A 52-item measure of metacognitive awareness across two main components: knowledge of cognition (declarative, procedural, conditional) and regulation of cognition (planning, information management, monitoring, debugging, evaluation).
Source: Schraw, G., & Dennison, R. S. (1994): Assessing metacognitive awareness. Contemporary Educational Psychology, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 460–475.
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Metacognitive Self-Regulation
A subscale of MSLQ measuring metacognitive self-regulation — planning, monitoring, and regulating cognition during learning.
Source: Pintrich, P. R., et al. (1991): A manual for the use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. National Center for Research to Improve Postsecondary Teaching and Learning.
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Methodicalness (6FPQ: ME))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Methodicalness" and target/key label "6FPQ: ME)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS)
A 15-item measure of dispositional mindfulness — present-moment awareness in everyday life. Reverse-scored: higher scores indicate more mindfulness. Widely used in workplace mindfulness research.
Source: Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003): The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 84, No. 4, pp. 822–848.
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Mini-IPIP Big Five
A 20-item Big Five measure (4 items per factor) drawn from the IPIP item bank. Free, validated, and widely used when survey length is constrained.
Source: Donnellan, M. B., Oswald, F. L., Baird, B. M., & Lucas, R. E. (2006): The Mini-IPIP scales: Tiny-yet-effective measures of the Big Five factors of personality. Psychological Assessment, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 192–203.
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Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ)
A 100-item (or 20-item short form) measure of job satisfaction across 20 facets: ability utilization, achievement, activity, advancement, authority, company policies, compensation, coworkers, creativity, independence, moral values, recognit…
Source: Weiss, D. J., Dawis, R. V., England, G. W., & Lofquist, L. H. (1967): Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. University of Minnesota.
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Mistrust (CAT-PD: Mistrust))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Mistrust" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Mistrust)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Mobility flexibility
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Anand/Ward (2004): Fit, Flexibility and Performance in Manufacturing: Coping with Dynamic Environments. Production and Operations Management, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 369–385.
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Mobility flexibility
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Range flexibility entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Range flexibility. Verify the original source before field use.
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Moderation (AB5C: IV+/III+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Moderation" and target/key label "AB5C: IV+/III+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Modern Homonegativity Scale (MHS)
A 12-item measure of contemporary anti-gay attitudes that focus on perceived overemphasis of gay identity rather than on biological abnormality.
Source: Morrison, M. A., & Morrison, T. G. (2003): Development and validation of a scale measuring modern prejudice toward gay men and lesbian women. Journal of Homosexuality, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 15–37.
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Modern Racism Scale (McConahay)
A 7-item measure of modern racism — covert, subtle expressions of racial prejudice that contrast with explicit old-fashioned racism.
Source: McConahay, J. B. (1986): Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 91–125). Academic Press.
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Modesty Norm Adherence
A multi-item measure of adherence to modesty norms in dress, speech, and behaviour — particularly relevant in MENA, South Asian, and conservative-religious contexts.
Source: Cohen, A. B., Wu, M. S., & Miller, J. (2016): Religion and culture: Individualism and collectivism in the East and West. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 47, No. 9, pp. 1236–1249.
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Modesty/Humility (HEX: H-Mode))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Modesty/Humility" and target/key label "HEX: H-Mode)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Modesty/Humility (NEO: A5))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Modesty/Humility" and target/key label "NEO: A5)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Modesty/Humility (VIA: Mod))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Modesty/Humility" and target/key label "VIA: Mod)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Money Attitude Scale (Yamauchi & Templer)
A 29-item measure of money attitudes across four dimensions: power-prestige, retention-time (planning), distrust, and anxiety.
Source: Yamauchi, K. T., & Templer, D. I. (1982): The development of a Money Attitude Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 522–528.
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Money, Interest in (ORAIS: Financial))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Money, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Financial)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)
A 10-item clinician-rated depression severity scale focusing on core depressive symptoms with minimal somatic items. Standard outcome measure in antidepressant trials, often preferred over HAM-D.
Source: Montgomery, S. A., & Åsberg, M. (1979): A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 134, No. 4, pp. 382–389.
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Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ)
A 13-item self-report screener for bipolar spectrum disorders. Covers a range of manic/hypomanic symptoms and probes whether they co-occurred and caused impairment.
Source: Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Williams, J. B. W., Spitzer, R. L., Calabrese, J. R., Flynn, L., Keck, P. E., et al. (2000): Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: The Mood Disorder Questionnaire. American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 157, No. 11, pp. 1873–1875.
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Moral Disengagement (Bandura, Barbaranelli, Caprara & Pastorelli)
A 32-item measure of eight cognitive mechanisms by which people justify harmful behaviour: moral justification, euphemistic labelling, advantageous comparison, displacement of responsibility, diffusion of responsibility, distortion of conse…
Source: Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996): Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. 364–374.
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Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ-30)
A 30-item measure of the five moral foundations: care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, and sanctity/degradation. Distinguishes liberal vs. conservative moral profiles.
Source: Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009): Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 96, No. 5, pp. 1029–1046.
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Moral Identity Scale (Aquino & Reed)
A 10-item measure of moral identity with two factors: internalization (centrality of moral characteristics to self-concept) and symbolization (public expression of moral self).
Source: Aquino, K., & Reed, A. (2002): The self-importance of moral identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 83, No. 6, pp. 1423–1440.
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Moral Status Attribution to AI
A multi-item measure of the extent to which a user attributes moral status (capacity to be harmed, deserves consideration) to AI agents. Distinct from anthropomorphism — focuses on moral patiency.
Source: Pauketat, J. V. T., & Anthis, J. R. (2022): Predicting the moral consideration of artificial intelligences. Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 136, Article 107380.
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Morality (AB5C: II+/III+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Morality" and target/key label "AB5C: II+/III+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Morality (NEO: A2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Morality" and target/key label "NEO: A2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Morality (TCI: C5))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Morality" and target/key label "TCI: C5)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ)
An 81-item measure of motivation and learning strategies in a course, with two main sections. Motivation: value, expectancy, affect. Learning strategies: cognitive, metacognitive, resource management. Foundational instrument in self-regulat…
Source: Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., García, T., & McKeachie, W. J. (1993): Reliability and predictive validity of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 801–813.
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Motivation to Learn (Noe & Schmitt)
A 10-item measure of trainee motivation to learn — the desire to acquire content offered in training. Predicts learning, transfer, and post-training performance.
Source: Noe, R. A., & Schmitt, N. (1986): The influence of trainee attitudes on training effectiveness: Test of a model. Personnel Psychology, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 497–523.
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Multi-dimensional (romantic) jealousy scale
Jealousy is a negative emotion related to a perceived threat of a social relationship. Romantic jealousy is when the jealousy is experienced in regard to a romantic relationship. Sometimes (jealous) partners will want to find out the truth.…
Source: Elphinston, R.A., Feeney, J.A., and Noller, P. (2011). Measuring romantic jealousy: Validation of the multidimensional jealousy scale in Australian samples. Australian Journal of Psychology, 63 , 243-251. Open access link | Pfeiffer, S. M., & Wong, P. T. P. (1989). Multidimensional jealousy. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 6_, 181-196. | Harris, C.R. (2002). Sexual and romantic jealousy in heterosexual and homosexual adults. Psychological Science, 13 , 7-12. | Buunk, B.P., Angleitner, A., Oubaid, V. and Buss, D.M. (1996). Psychological Science, 7 , 359-363.
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Multi-functional employees
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Flynn/Flynn (1999): Information-Processing Alternatives for Coping with Manufacturing Environment Complexity. Decision Sciences, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 1021-1052.
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Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS, Frost)
A 35-item measure of perfectionism across six dimensions: concern over mistakes, personal standards, parental expectations, parental criticism, doubts about actions, and organization.
Source: Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990): The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 449–468.
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Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (HMPS, Hewitt & Flett)
A 45-item measure of three dimensions of perfectionism: self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially-prescribed. Distinguishes between sources and targets of perfectionistic standards.
Source: Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991): Perfectionism in the self and social contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 456–470.
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Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS)
A 12-item measure of perceived social support across three sources: family, friends, and significant other (4 items each).
Source: Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988): The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 30–41.
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Multiple Intelligences Developmental Assessment Scales (MIDAS)
A 119-item self-report measure of Gardner's 8 multiple intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist.
Source: Shearer, C. B. (1996): The MIDAS: A professional manual. MI Research and Consulting.
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Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale (MSTAT-II)
A 13-item measure of tolerance of ambiguity — the disposition to react favourably to ambiguous, novel, or complex situations. Predicts adaptability and innovation.
Source: McLain, D. L. (2009): Evidence of the properties of an ambiguity tolerance measure: The Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance Scale-II (MSTAT-II). Psychological Reports, Vol. 105, No. 3, pp. 975–988.
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Music, Interest in (ORAIS: Music))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Music, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Music)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Mutual trust
To measure the construct, the authors relied on scale items previously used by Zaheer et al. (1998), and Inkpen & Currall (1997).
Source: Lavie et al. (2012): Organizational Differences, Relational Mechanisms, and Alliance Performance. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 33, No. 13, pp. 1453–1479
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Narcissism (16-item version)
The scientific study of narcism (also known as "narcissism") goes way back to the 19th century, and it is a well studied concept in psychiatry . Here is the DSM (3rd edition) description of narcism (as quoted from Raskin and Terry, 1988): "…
Source: Ames, D.R., Rose, P., Anderson, C.P. (2006).The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, 40 , 440-450. | Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12 , 177–196. | Raskin, R.N. and Hall, C.S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45 , 590-590. You can run the 40-item test on this external website . You can download the 40 items as text document here . | Raskin, R. and Terry, H. (1988). A Principal-Components Analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and Further Evidence of Its Construct Validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54 , 890-902. | Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Huang, B., Smith, S. M., …​ Grant, B. F. (2008). Prevalence, Correlates, Disability, and Comorbidity of DSM-IV Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Results from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69 , 1033-1045. Open access, click here to read .
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Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16)
A 16-item short form of the 40-item NPI measuring subclinical narcissism — entitlement, self-admiration, and grandiosity. Forced-choice format.
Source: Ames, D. R., Rose, P., & Anderson, C. P. (2006): The NPI-16 as a short measure of narcissism. Journal of Research in Personality, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 440–450.
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Natural environment-oriented CSR
A multidimensional measure of corporate stakeholder responsibility (CStR) was developed and validated. Hereby, the authors conducted a series of analyses, including exploratory factor analyses, confirmatory factor analyses, and structural e…
Source: El Akremi (201_): How Do Employees Perceive Corporate Responsibility? Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Corporate Stakeholder Responsibility Scale. Journal of Management, Vol. _, No. _, pp. _–_
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Need for Affiliation (Mehrabian)
A 26-item measure of dispositional need for affiliation — the desire to be with others, develop friendships, and be approved.
Source: Mehrabian, A. (1994): Manual for the revised Conformity (CON) and Need for Affiliation (NA) Scales. Albert Mehrabian.
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Need for Approval/Conformity/Dependence (HEX: E-Depe))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Need for Approval/Conformity/Dependence" and target/key label "HEX: E-Depe)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Need for Approval/Conformity/Dependence (HPI: Not Autonomous HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Need for Approval/Conformity/Dependence" and target/key label "HPI: Not Autonomous HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Need for Approval/Conformity/Dependence (JPI: Cpr))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Need for Approval/Conformity/Dependence" and target/key label "JPI: Cpr)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Need for Approval/Conformity/Dependence (TCI: RD4))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Need for Approval/Conformity/Dependence" and target/key label "TCI: RD4)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Need for Closure Scale (NFCS, Webster & Kruglanski)
A 42-item measure of need for cognitive closure — the desire for a definite answer on some topic, any answer, as opposed to ambiguity.
Source: Webster, D. M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1994): Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 67, No. 6, pp. 1049–1062.
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Need for Cognition (NCS-6)
Need for cognition is people's desire to engage in difficult cognitive activity ( read more via Wikipedia ). Or in simpler terms, people's willingness to think deeply .
Source: Coelho, G.L.D.H., Hanel, P.H.P, & Wolf, L.J. (2018). The Very Efficient Assessment of Need for Cognition: Developing a Six-Item Version. Assessment, online first , 1-16. Download here .
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Need for Cognition (Need for Cognition: Cacioppo & Petty, 1982))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Need for Cognition" and target/key label "Need for Cognition: Cacioppo & Petty, 1982)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Need for Cognition Scale (NCS-18)
An 18-item measure of an individual's tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activity. Predicts deeper information processing and persuasion outcomes.
Source: Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., & Kao, C. F. (1984): The efficient assessment of need for cognition. Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 306–307.
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Need for Order and Cleanliness (Need for Order and Cleanliness: Foa, et al., 1998))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Need for Order and Cleanliness" and target/key label "Need for Order and Cleanliness: Foa, et al., 1998)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Need for Recovery Scale (NFR, Van Veldhoven & Broersen)
An 11-item measure of need for recovery from work — short-term aftereffects of a working day characterized by feelings of overload, irritability, and reduced motivation.
Source: Van Veldhoven, M., & Broersen, S. (2003): Measurement quality and validity of the 'need for recovery scale'. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 60(Suppl I), pp. i3–i9.
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Need for Touch (NFT)
A 12-item measure of consumer need for touch across two factors: autotelic (touch for sensory pleasure) and instrumental (touch for evaluation).
Source: Peck, J., & Childers, T. L. (2003): Individual differences in haptic information processing: The 'Need for Touch' scale. Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 430–442.
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Need to Belong Scale (NBS, Leary et al.)
A 10-item measure of dispositional need to belong — the desire for frequent, positive social interactions and stable, caring relationships.
Source: Leary, M. R., Kelly, K. M., Cottrell, C. A., & Schreindorfer, L. S. (2013): Construct validity of the need to belong scale: Mapping the nomological network. Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 95, No. 6, pp. 610–624.
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Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R, Einarsen & Hoel)
A 22-item measure of behaviours indicative of workplace bullying — work-related, person-related, and physically intimidating acts. Items are rated on a 5-point frequency scale and the scale does not require the respondent to label themselve…
Source: Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Notelaers, G. (2009): Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at work: Validity, factor structure and psychometric properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire–Revised. Work & Stress, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 24–44.
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Negative Expressivity (Barchard, 2001))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Negative Expressivity" and target/key label "Barchard, 2001)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Negative Valence (Big-7: 525))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Negative Valence" and target/key label "Big-7: 525)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Negotiation Self-Efficacy
A 7-item measure of confidence in one's ability to negotiate effectively across competitive and integrative situations. Predicts negotiation outcomes and salary at hire.
Source: Sullivan, B. A., O'Connor, K. M., & Burris, E. R. (2006): Negotiator confidence: The impact of self-efficacy on tactics and outcomes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 567–581.
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NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R)
A 240-item measure of the Five-Factor Model with 6 facets per domain. The gold-standard comprehensive personality assessment in clinical and research settings.
Source: Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992): Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Professional Manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.
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Net Promoter Score (NPS, Reichheld)
A single-item measure of customer loyalty: 'How likely is it that you would recommend [company/product/service] to a friend or colleague?' rated on a 0–10 scale. Promoters (9–10) minus Detractors (0–6) yields the Net Promoter Score.
Source: Reichheld, F. F. (2003): The one number you need to grow. Harvard Business Review, Vol. 81, No. 12, pp. 46–54.
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Network technology
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Verwaal et al. (2009): Value Creation and Value Claiming in Strategic Outsourcing Decisions: A Resource Contingency Perspective. Journal of Management, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 420-444.
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Networking ability
The conceptualization and measurement of the political skill construct was examined and evidence was validated for the Political Skill Inventory (PSI). The results of three investigations, involving seven samples, are reported that demonstr…
Source: Ferris et al. (2005): Development and Validation of the Political Skill Inventory. Journal of Management, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 126–152.
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Networking Behaviour (Forret & Dougherty)
A 28-item measure of networking behaviour across five facets: maintaining contacts, socializing, engaging in professional activities, participating in community, and increasing internal visibility.
Source: Forret, M. L., & Dougherty, T. W. (2004): Networking behaviors and career outcomes: Differences for men and women? Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 419–437.
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Neuroticism (BFAS: Neuroticism))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Neuroticism" and target/key label "BFAS: Neuroticism)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Neuroticism (MPQ: SR))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Neuroticism" and target/key label "MPQ: SR)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Neuroticism (NEO Domain))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Neuroticism" and target/key label "NEO Domain)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Neuroticism (TCI: HA1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Neuroticism" and target/key label "TCI: HA1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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New application technology
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Verwaal et al. (2009): Value Creation and Value Claiming in Strategic Outsourcing Decisions: A Resource Contingency Perspective. Journal of Management, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 420-444.
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New competence acquisition
A comprehensive set of measures is developed to assess an innovation’s locus, type, and characteristics. The measure described on this page is one of these measures. It is found that the concepts of competence destroying and competence enha…
Source: Gatignon et al. (2002): A Structural Approach to Assessing Innovation: Construct Development of Innovation Locus, Type, and Characteristics. Management Science, Vol. 48, No. 9, pp. 1103–1122.
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New Ecological Paradigm (NEP, Dunlap)
A 15-item measure of pro-ecological worldview — beliefs about humanity's relationship with the environment, the limits of growth, anti-anthropocentrism, and ecological crisis.
Source: Dunlap, R. E., Van Liere, K. D., Mertig, A. G., & Jones, R. E. (2000): New trends in measuring environmental attitudes: Measuring endorsement of the New Ecological Paradigm. Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 425–442.
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New product quality
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Flynn et al. (1994): A framework for quality management research and an associated measurement instrument. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 339-366.
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New product quality
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Product quality entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Product quality. Verify the original source before field use.
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New service development
The authors follow a two-phased approach to develop multi-item scales that measure dimensions of service orientation in the context of business-to-business e-commerce. Service orientation was conceptualized as a third-order construct compri…
Source: Oliveira/Roth (2012): Service orientation: The derivation of underlying constructs and measures. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 156-190.
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New service development culture
The authors report a two-stage approach for the development and validation of new multi-item measurement scales reflecting a multidimensional construct called new service development competence. It is operationalized as a multidimensional c…
Source: Menor/Roth (2007): New service development competence in retail banking: Construct development and measurement validation. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 825-846.
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New service development process focus
The authors report a two-stage approach for the development and validation of new multi-item measurement scales reflecting a multidimensional construct called new service development competence. It is operationalized as a multidimensional c…
Source: Menor/Roth (2007): New service development competence in retail banking: Construct development and measurement validation. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 825-846.
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New service development process focus
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Process control entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Process control. Verify the original source before field use.
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New service development strategy
The authors report a two-stage approach for the development and validation of new multi-item measurement scales reflecting a multidimensional construct called new service development competence. It is operationalized as a multidimensional c…
Source: Menor/Roth (2007): New service development competence in retail banking: Construct development and measurement validation. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 825-846.
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Newcomer Adjustment (Bauer, Bodner, Erdogan, Truxillo & Tucker)
A multi-item measure of newcomer adjustment across three indicators: role clarity, task mastery, and social acceptance. Mediates the relationship between socialization tactics and outcomes such as satisfaction and turnover.
Source: Bauer, T. N., Bodner, T., Erdogan, B., Truxillo, D. M., & Tucker, J. S. (2007): Newcomer adjustment during organizational socialization: A meta-analytic review of antecedents, outcomes, and methods. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 92, No. 3, pp. 707–721.
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Newcomer Information Seeking (Morrison)
A multi-item measure of newcomer information-seeking behaviour across five types of information: technical, referent, social, performance feedback, and normative.
Source: Morrison, E. W. (1993): Newcomer information seeking: Exploring types, modes, sources, and outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 557–589.
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Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q)
Nomophobia is an fear or phobia for being without one's cell phone (also known as mobile phone or smart phone). The word is based on some letters from the phrase NO MObile phone PHOBIA.
Source: Yildirim, C. & Correia, A. (2015). Exploring the dimensions of nomophobia: Development and validation of a self-reported questionnaire. Computers in Human Behavior, 49 , 130-137.
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Non-Perseverance (CAT-PD: Non-Perseverance))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Non-Perseverance" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Non-Perseverance)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Non-Planfulness (CAT-PD: Non-Planfulness))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Non-Planfulness" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Non-Planfulness)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Norm Violation (CAT-PD: Norm Violation))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Norm Violation" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Norm Violation)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Normative Organizational Commitment (TCM, Meyer & Allen)
A 6-item subscale measuring normative commitment — a felt obligation to remain with the organization, often rooted in socialization and reciprocity norms.
Source: Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993): Commitment to organizations and occupations. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 78, No. 4, pp. 538–551.
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Nurse Intent to Stay (McCain)
A multi-item measure of nurses' intention to stay in the nursing profession and current employer. Used widely in nursing-workforce research.
Source: McCain, B. E. (1987): A factor analytic study of the dimensions of intent to leave or stay in nursing. Western Journal of Nursing Research, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 51–62.
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Nurturance (AB5C: II+/V-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Nurturance" and target/key label "AB5C: II+/V-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Nurturant Fathering Scale (NFS)
This scale is about the perception of a father's role in one's life. Arguably, the expectations about fathers has changed over the course of the 20th century ( Finley and Schwartz, 2004 ). Finley and Schwartz Nurturant Fathering Scale measu…
Source: Finley, G.E. & Schwartz, S.J. (2004). The father involvement and nurturant fathering scales: retrospective measures for adolescent and adult children. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64(1) , 143-164. DOI: 10.1177/0013164403258453.
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Obedience
The authors reconceptualize organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in terms of civic citizenship and propose a new OCB measurement. It uses five categories of citizenship: loyalty, obedience, social participation, advocacy participation,…
Source: Van Dyne, Graham & Dienesch (1994): Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Construct Redefinition, Measurement, and Validation. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 765–802
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Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms (Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms: Foa, et al., 2002))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms" and target/key label "Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms: Foa, et al., 2002)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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OCB Checklist (Spector & Fox)
A 20-item measure of organizational citizenship behaviour, balanced with a counterproductive-work-behaviour checklist of equal length. Useful for studying both bright and dark sides of discretionary behaviour.
Source: Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2010): Counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior: Are they opposite forms of active behavior? Applied Psychology, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 21–39.
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OCB Five-Factor (Organ; Podsakoff et al.)
A 24-item measure of five OCB dimensions per Organ (1988): altruism, conscientiousness, sportsmanship, courtesy, and civic virtue. The classic factor structure underlying decades of OCB research.
Source: Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990): Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 107–142.
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Occupational Commitment (Meyer, Allen & Smith)
An 18-item adaptation of the TCM to the occupation/profession target — affective, continuance, and normative commitment to one's occupation. Useful for studying career-versus-organization commitment trade-offs.
Source: Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith, C. A. (1993): Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 78, No. 4, pp. 538–551.
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Occupational Self-Efficacy Scale (OSE-SF)
A 6-item short form measuring an individual's confidence in their ability to handle a wide range of occupational tasks and challenges.
Source: Rigotti, T., Schyns, B., & Mohr, G. (2008): A short version of the Occupational Self-Efficacy Scale: Structural and construct validity across five countries. Journal of Career Assessment, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 238–255.
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Off-the-Job Embeddedness (community subscale)
Items focused on community embeddedness — fit, links, and sacrifice in the local community outside work.
Source: Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. C., Lee, T. W., Sablynski, C. J., & Erez, M. (2001): Why people stay: Using job embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover. AMJ, 44(6), 1102–1121.
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Offline store atmosphere
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Verhagen/van Dolen (2009): Online purchase intentions: A multi-channel store image perspective. Information & Management, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 77–82.
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Offline store layout
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Verhagen/van Dolen (2009): Online purchase intentions: A multi-channel store image perspective. Information & Management, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 77–82.
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Offline store merchandise
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Verhagen/van Dolen (2009): Online purchase intentions: A multi-channel store image perspective. Information & Management, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 77–82.
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Offline store service
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Verhagen/van Dolen (2009): Online purchase intentions: A multi-channel store image perspective. Information & Management, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 77–82.
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Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI)
A 16-item, two-dimensional burnout measure (Exhaustion and Disengagement from work). Each dimension is balanced with positively and negatively worded items, addressing acquiescence bias common in the MBI. Used widely in JD-R studies and is …
Source: Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Vardakou, I., & Kantas, A. (2003): The convergent validity of two burnout instruments: A multitrait-multimethod analysis. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 12–23.
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Onboarding Experience Satisfaction
A multi-item measure of new-hire satisfaction with the onboarding experience — clarity, support, social integration, and resource availability.
Source: Bauer, T. N. (2010): Onboarding new employees: Maximizing success. SHRM Foundation Effective Practice Guidelines.
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Online Learning Self-Efficacy Scale (OLSES, Zimmerman & Kulikowich)
A 22-item measure of student self-efficacy in three domains of online learning: learning in the online environment, time management, and use of technology. Developed and validated post-2010 for higher-education online courses.
Source: Zimmerman, W. A., & Kulikowich, J. M. (2016): Online learning self-efficacy in students with and without online learning experience. American Journal of Distance Education, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 180–191.
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Online Review Credibility
A multi-item measure of perceived credibility of online consumer reviews — believability, accuracy, and trustworthiness.
Source: Filieri, R. (2015): What makes online reviews helpful? A diagnosticity-adoption framework to explain informational and normative influences in e-WOM. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 68, No. 6, pp. 1261–1270.
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Online Self-Regulated Learning (OSLQ)
A 24-item measure of self-regulated learning in online environments across six factors: goal setting, environment structuring, task strategies, time management, help seeking, and self-evaluation.
Source: Barnard, L., Lan, W. Y., To, Y. M., Paton, V. O., & Lai, S.-L. (2009): Measuring self-regulation in online and blended learning environments. Internet and Higher Education, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 1–6.
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Online store atmosphere
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Verhagen/van Dolen (2009): Online purchase intentions: A multi-channel store image perspective. Information & Management, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 77–82.
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Online store merchandise
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Verhagen/van Dolen (2009): Online purchase intentions: A multi-channel store image perspective. Information & Management, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 77–82.
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Online store navigation
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Verhagen/van Dolen (2009): Online purchase intentions: A multi-channel store image perspective. Information & Management, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 77–82.
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Online store service
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Verhagen/van Dolen (2009): Online purchase intentions: A multi-channel store image perspective. Information & Management, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 77–82.
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Online Trust (McKnight, Choudhury & Kacmar)
A multi-item measure of online trust comprising trusting beliefs (competence, benevolence, integrity), trusting intentions (willingness to depend), and disposition to trust. Foundational measure in e-commerce and IS trust research.
Source: McKnight, D. H., Choudhury, V., & Kacmar, C. (2002): Developing and validating trust measures for e-commerce: An integrative typology. Information Systems Research, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 334–359.
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Open Innovation Practices
A multi-item measure of open innovation practices — inbound (acquiring external knowledge), outbound (exploiting internal knowledge externally), and coupled (collaborative innovation).
Source: Chesbrough, H., & Bogers, M. (2014): Explicating open innovation: Clarifying an emerging paradigm for understanding innovation. New Frontiers in Open Innovation, pp. 3–28.
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Open-mindedness/Judgment (VIA: Jud))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Open-mindedness/Judgment" and target/key label "VIA: Jud)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Openness to Experience (NEO Domain))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Openness to Experience" and target/key label "NEO Domain)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Openness to Experience (NEO-FFI subscale)
A 12-item subscale of the NEO-FFI measuring openness to experience — intellectual curiosity, aesthetic sensitivity, and preference for novelty and variety.
Source: Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992): Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) Professional Manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.
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Operational Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ-Op)
A 20-item measure of operational stressors specific to police officers — shift work, exposure to traumatic events, and physical demands.
Source: McCreary, D. R., & Thompson, M. M. (2006): Development of two reliable and valid measures of stressors in policing: The operational and organizational police stress questionnaires. International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 494–518.
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Opinion leadership
The authors conducted five studies to develop two scales: opinion leadership and opinion seeking. Hereby, data from more than 1,100 respondents were used. The authors strived for unidimensionality, reliability, construct validity, and crite…
Source: Flynn et al. (1996): Opinion Leaders and Opinion Seekers: Two New Measurement Scales. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 137-147.
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Opinion leadership
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Opinion seeking entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Opinion seeking. Verify the original source before field use.
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Opinion seeking
The authors conducted five studies to develop two scales: opinion leadership and opinion seeking. Hereby, data from more than 1,100 respondents were used. The authors strived for unidimensionality, reliability, construct validity, and crite…
Source: Flynn et al. (1996): Opinion Leaders and Opinion Seekers: Two New Measurement Scales. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 137-147.
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Opinion seeking
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Opinion leadership entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Opinion leadership. Verify the original source before field use.
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Opportunity Exploitation
Opportunity exploitation is characterized by developing a product or service based on a perceived entrepreneurial opportunity, acquiring appropriate human resources, gathering financial resources, and setting up the organization
Source: Kuckertz, Andreas / Kollmann, Tobias / Krell, Patrick / Stöckmann, Christoph (2017): Understanding, differentiating, and measuring opportunity recognition and opportunity exploitation. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 78-97.
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Opportunity for sustainable advantage
In the article, the opportunity for sustainable advantage refers to the perceived opportunity for gaining sustainable advantage from a technology.
Source: Steensma & Corley (2001): Organizational Context as a Moderator of Theories on Firm Boundaries for Technology Sourcing. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 271-291.
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Opportunity for sustainable advantage
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Product competitive advantage entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Product competitive advantage. Verify the original source before field use.
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Opportunity Recognition
Opportunity recognition is characterized by being alert to potential business opportunities, actively searching for them, and gathering information about new ideas on products and services.
Source: Kuckertz, Andreas / Kollmann, Tobias / Krell, Patrick / Stöckmann, Christoph (2017): Understanding, differentiating, and measuring opportunity recognition and opportunity exploitation. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 78-97.
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Optimism (LOT-R)
Optimism is a positive attitude about the future. In the field of psychology, optimism is viewed as a general way of thinking that can be beneficial to, for example, health outcomes. The Scheier and Carver paper from 1992 ( see references )…
Source: Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16 , 201-228. | Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem) - A revaluation of the life orientation test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67 , 1063-1078.
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Optimism/Hope ((Scheier, et al., 1994))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Optimism/Hope" and target/key label "(Scheier, et al., 1994)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Optimism/Hope (CPI: Wb))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Optimism/Hope" and target/key label "CPI: Wb)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Optimism/Hope (TCI: S2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Optimism/Hope" and target/key label "TCI: S2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Optimism/Hope (VIA: Hop))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Optimism/Hope" and target/key label "VIA: Hop)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Orderliness (16PF: Q3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Orderliness" and target/key label "16PF: Q3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Orderliness (6FPQ: ME3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Orderliness" and target/key label "6FPQ: ME3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Orderliness (AB5C: III+/V-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Orderliness" and target/key label "AB5C: III+/V-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Orderliness (BFAS: Orderliness))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Orderliness" and target/key label "BFAS: Orderliness)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Orderliness (HPI: Not Spontaneous HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Orderliness" and target/key label "HPI: Not Spontaneous HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Orderliness (NEO: C2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Orderliness" and target/key label "NEO: C2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Organization (AB5C: III+/V+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Organization" and target/key label "AB5C: III+/V+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Organization (HEX: C-Orga))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Organization" and target/key label "HEX: C-Orga)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Organization (HPI: Mastery HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Organization" and target/key label "HPI: Mastery HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Organization (JPI: Org))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Organization" and target/key label "JPI: Org)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Organization (ORVIS: Organization))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Organization" and target/key label "ORVIS: Organization)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Organization-based self-esteem
The authors introduced the organization-based self-esteem construct and its measurement. They conducted several field studies to inspect different types of reliability and validity.
Source: Pierce et al. (1989): Organization-Based Self-Esteem: Construct Definition, Measurement, And Validation. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 622-648.
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Organization-based self-esteem
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Employee involvement entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Employee involvement. Verify the original source before field use.
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Organizational AI Readiness
A multi-item measure of organizational readiness for AI adoption across multiple dimensions: leadership, data infrastructure, talent, culture, and governance.
Source: Jöhnk, J., Weißert, M., & Wyrtki, K. (2021): Ready or not, AI comes — An interview study of organizational AI readiness factors. Business & Information Systems Engineering, Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 5–20.
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Organizational Ambidexterity (Lubatkin et al.)
A multi-item measure of organizational ambidexterity — the simultaneous pursuit of exploitation (efficiency, refinement) and exploration (innovation, search).
Source: Lubatkin, M. H., Simsek, Z., Ling, Y., & Veiga, J. F. (2006): Ambidexterity and performance in small- to medium-sized firms: The pivotal role of top management team behavioral integration. Journal of Management, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 646–672.
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Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB-O / OCB-I)
A 16-item measure of citizenship behaviours directed at the organization (OCB-O, 8 items) and at individuals (OCB-I, 8 items). Items are rated on a 7-point frequency scale and are widely used in performance and JD-R research.
Source: Lee, K., & Allen, N. J. (2002): Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace deviance: The role of affect and cognitions. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 87, No. 1, pp. 131–142.
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Organizational Climate (FOCUS-93)
A 40-item measure of organizational climate across four orientations of the Competing Values Framework: support, innovation, rules, and goals.
Source: Van Muijen, J. J., Koopman, P., De Witte, K., De Cock, G., Susanj, Z., Lemoine, C., et al. (1999): Organizational culture: The FOCUS questionnaire. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 551–568.
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Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (OCAI)
A 24-item measure of organizational culture across the Competing Values Framework's four cultures: clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy.
Source: Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (2011): Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the Competing Values Framework (3rd ed.). Jossey-Bass.
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Organizational Cynicism Scale (OCS, Dean, Brandes & Dharwadkar)
A 13-item measure of three dimensions of organizational cynicism: cognitive (belief organization lacks integrity), affective (negative emotions toward it), and behavioural (disparaging actions). One of the dominant dark-side OB measures.
Source: Dean, J. W., Brandes, P., & Dharwadkar, R. (1998): Organizational cynicism. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 341–352.
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Organizational Dis-identification (Kreiner & Ashforth)
A 6-item measure of organizational disidentification — an active separation from the organization in self-concept, distinct from low identification. Captures the 'I am not what they are' dimension of organizational identity.
Source: Kreiner, G. E., & Ashforth, B. E. (2004): Evidence toward an expanded model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 1–27.
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Organizational Identification (Edwards & Peccei)
A 6-item alternative measure of organizational identification capturing categorization, attachment, and similarity facets. Useful when researchers prefer a multifaceted operationalization to Mael & Ashforth's six items.
Source: Edwards, M. R., & Peccei, R. (2007): Organizational identification: Development and testing of a conceptually grounded measure. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 25–57.
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Organizational Identification (Mael & Ashforth)
A 6-item measure of the degree to which a person defines him- or herself by the same attributes that they believe define the organization. Used widely in social-identity, branding, and employee-engagement research.
Source: Mael, F., & Ashforth, B. E. (1992): Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 103–123.
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Organizational Justice (Colquitt)
A 20-item measure assessing four dimensions of organizational justice: procedural (7), distributive (4), interpersonal (4), and informational (5). Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale and are the dominant operationalization of justice …
Source: Colquitt, J. A. (2001): On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 86, No. 3, pp. 386–400.
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Organizational Learning Capability (Goh & Richards)
A multi-item measure of organizational learning capability across five dimensions: clarity of mission, leadership, experimentation, transfer of knowledge, and teamwork/cooperation.
Source: Goh, S. C., & Richards, G. (1997): Benchmarking the learning capability of organizations. European Management Journal, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 575–583.
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Organizational memory
Systematic and thorough methodological techniques are used to develop an instrument to test, measure, and validate subprocesses of organizational learning. Five independent but interrelated subprocesses are identified and validated: informa…
Source: Flores et al. (2012): Organizational Learning: Subprocess Identification, Construct Validation, and an Empirical Test of Cultural Antecedents. Journal of Management, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 640-667.
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Organizational Mobility Preference (Briscoe Hall DeMuth)
A 5-item measure of organizational mobility preference — preference for staying with one employer (low scores indicate boundaryless attitude).
Source: Briscoe, J. P., Hall, D. T., & DeMuth, R. L. F. (2006): Protean and boundaryless careers. JVB, 69(1), 30–47.
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Organizational resilience
A new scale was developed to measure organizational resilience. Statements from conceptual supply chain risk management research were used to generate items. Items were adapted to fit the context of the research and they were discussed with…
Source: Bühler/Wallenburg/Wieland (2016): Accounting for External Turbulence of Logistics Organizations via Performance Measurement Systems. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 21, No. 6
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Organizational resilience
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Firm resilience entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Firm resilience. Verify the original source before field use.
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Organizational responsiveness
To measure the construct, the authors relied on scale items previously used by Kale et al. (2000), Kohli et al. (1993), and Mohr & Spekman (1994).
Source: Lavie et al. (2012): Organizational Differences, Relational Mechanisms, and Alliance Performance. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 33, No. 13, pp. 1453–1479
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Organizational responsiveness
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Responsiveness entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Responsiveness. Verify the original source before field use.
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Organizational Social Capital (Nahapiet & Ghoshal)
A multi-item measure of organizational social capital across three dimensions: structural (network ties), relational (trust, identification), and cognitive (shared codes, narratives). Used widely in knowledge-sharing and organizational-lear…
Source: Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998): Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 242–266.
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Organizational Socialization Tactics (Jones)
A 30-item measure of six socialization tactics from Van Maanen & Schein, organized along the institutionalized–individualized continuum: collective vs. individual, formal vs. informal, sequential vs. random, fixed vs. variable, serial vs. d…
Source: Jones, G. R. (1986): Socialization tactics, self-efficacy, and newcomers' adjustments to organizations. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 262–279.
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Originality/Creativity (AB5C: V+/II-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Originality/Creativity" and target/key label "AB5C: V+/II-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Originality/Creativity (HEX: O-Crea))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Originality/Creativity" and target/key label "HEX: O-Crea)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Originality/Creativity (HPI: Int))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Originality/Creativity" and target/key label "HPI: Int)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Originality/Creativity (VIA: Ori))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Originality/Creativity" and target/key label "VIA: Ori)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Outcome Questionnaire-45 (OQ-45.2)
A 45-item self-report measure of psychotherapy outcomes across three subscales: symptom distress, interpersonal relations, and social role functioning.
Source: Lambert, M. J., Burlingame, G. M., Umphress, V., Hansen, N. B., Vermeersch, D. A., Clouse, G. C., & Yanchar, S. C. (1996): The reliability and validity of the Outcome Questionnaire. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 249–258.
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Outdoor Activities, Interest in (ORAIS: Summer Activities))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Outdoor Activities, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Summer Activities)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Output control
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Atuahene-Gima/Li (2002): When does trust matter? Antecedents and contingent effects of supervisee trust on performance in selling new products in China and the United States. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 61-81. Adapted from Jaworski/MacInnis (1989).
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Outsourcing intent
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Verwaal et al. (2009): Value Creation and Value Claiming in Strategic Outsourcing Decisions: A Resource Contingency Perspective. Journal of Management, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 420-444.
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Outsourcing intent
Related management scale cross-referenced from the General outsourcing entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for General outsourcing. Verify the original source before field use.
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Overall Job Satisfaction (MOAQ-JSS)
A 3-item global job-satisfaction scale from the Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire. Items capture overall liking, satisfaction, and intention to keep working in the job. Despite its brevity, the scale shows strong convergent v…
Source: Bowling, N. A., & Hammond, G. D. (2008): A meta-analytic examination of the construct validity of the Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire Job Satisfaction Subscale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 63–77.
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Overall Justice Perception (Ambrose & Schminke)
A 6-item global measure of fairness perceptions that complements Colquitt's four-factor model. Treats overall justice as the holistic judgement formed from procedural, distributive, interpersonal, and informational experiences.
Source: Ambrose, M. L., & Schminke, M. (2009): The role of overall justice judgments in organizational justice research: A test of mediation. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 94, No. 2, pp. 491–500.
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Oxford Happiness Scale
Happiness and the term more commonly used in psychology, subjective wellbeing , are frequently studied in the field of psychology (including in positive psychology ) and related applied areas, such as social care . There are a number of mea…
Source: Hills, P. & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33 , 1073-1082.
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Parasocial Relationship with AI
A multi-item measure of one-sided emotional attachment to AI companions (e.g., Replika, Character.AI). Adapts traditional parasocial-relationship research to AI agents.
Source: Skjuve, M., Følstad, A., Fostervold, K. I., & Brandtzaeg, P. B. (2021): My chatbot companion — a study of human-chatbot relationships. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Vol. 149, Article 102601.
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Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA, Roskam et al.)
A 23-item measure of parental burnout across four dimensions: exhaustion, contrast (with the parent one used to be), feelings of being fed up, and emotional distancing from one's children.
Source: Roskam, I., Brianda, M.-E., & Mikolajczak, M. (2018): A step forward in the conceptualization and measurement of parental burnout: The Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA). Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 9, Article 758.
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Parental Warmth Scale
A multi-item measure of perceived parental warmth — affection, acceptance, and supportiveness from parents.
Source: Khaleque, A., & Rohner, R. P. (2002): Perceived parental acceptance-rejection and psychological adjustment: A meta-analysis of cross-cultural and intracultural studies. Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 54–64.
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Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ)
A 32-item measure of three parenting styles: authoritative (warm + demanding), authoritarian (cold + demanding), and permissive (warm + undemanding).
Source: Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (2001): The Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). In B. F. Perlmutter, J. Touliatos, & G. W. Holden (Eds.), Handbook of family measurement techniques (Vol. 3, pp. 319–321). Sage.
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Partner's value proposition
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Lavie et al. (2012): Organizational Differences, Relational Mechanisms, and Alliance Performance. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 33, No. 13, pp. 1453–1479
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Paternalistic Leadership (Cheng, Chou, Wu, Huang & Farh)
A 32-item measure of three dimensions of paternalistic leadership: authoritarianism (strict discipline), benevolence (individualized concern), and moral leadership (personal virtue). Especially relevant in Chinese, MENA, and South-Asian lea…
Source: Cheng, B.-S., Chou, L.-F., Wu, T.-Y., Huang, M.-P., & Farh, J.-L. (2004): Paternalistic leadership and subordinate responses: Establishing a leadership model in Chinese organizations. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 89–117.
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Pathological Internet Use (PIU)
Problematic internet use is a common phenomenon. The Pathological Internet Use (PIU) scale helps to identify people with pathological Internet use. One of the advantages of the PIU is that it is a short and simple scale. In the study by Mor…
Source: Morahan-Martin, J. and Schumacher, P. (2000). Incidence and correlates of pathological Internet use among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 16 , 13-29.
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Patience (HEX: A-Pati))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Patience" and target/key label "HEX: A-Pati)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Patient Activation Measure (PAM-13)
A 13-item measure of patient knowledge, skill, and confidence for self-management of health and chronic conditions. Used in workplace wellness and chronic-disease management research.
Source: Hibbard, J. H., Mahoney, E. R., Stockard, J., & Tusler, M. (2005): Development and testing of a short form of the Patient Activation Measure. Health Services Research, Vol. 40, No. 6 Pt 1, pp. 1918–1930.
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Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
There is a variety of rating scales for symptoms of depression , and the 9-item Person Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is one of them. It is a methodologically good scale (check the article )
Source: Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9 - Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16 , 606-613.
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Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15)
A 15-item measure of somatic symptom severity over the past 4 weeks, covering common physical complaints. Used widely in primary-care and occupational-health screening.
Source: Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002): The PHQ-15: Validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 258–266.
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Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2)
A 2-item ultra-brief depression screener using the first two items of the PHQ-9. Score ≥ 3 indicates a likely major depressive episode and warrants further assessment.
Source: Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2003): The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: Validity of a two-item depression screener. Medical Care, Vol. 41, No. 11, pp. 1284–1292.
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Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
A 9-item self-report measure of depression severity in primary-care and general populations, mapped to DSM-IV/5 major depression criteria. Each item is rated 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day); total scores 0–27.
Source: Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001): The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, Vol. 16, No. 9, pp. 606–613.
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Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale (PPOS)
An 18-item measure of practitioner orientation along two dimensions: sharing (sharing power/information with patients) and caring (treating patient as a person).
Source: Krupat, E., Yeager, C. M., & Putnam, S. (2000): Patient role orientations, doctor-patient fit, and visit satisfaction. Psychology & Health, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 707–719.
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Peculiarity (CAT-PD: Peculiarity))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Peculiarity" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Peculiarity)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ)
A 16-item self-report measure of pathological worry — frequency, intensity, and uncontrollability — central to GAD assessment.
Source: Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990): Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 487–495.
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Perceived AI Agency
A multi-item measure of the extent to which users perceive AI agents as having agency — capacity for autonomous goal-pursuit, planning, and intentional action. Distinct from anthropomorphism.
Source: Gray, K., Young, L., & Waytz, A. (2012): Mind perception is the essence of morality. Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 101–124.
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Perceived AI Empathy
A multi-item measure of the extent to which users perceive an AI agent (especially conversational AI) as empathic — recognizing emotions, responding warmly, and showing concern.
Source: Inzlicht, M., Cameron, C. D., D'Cruz, J., & Bloom, P. (2024): In praise of empathic AI. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 89–91.
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Perceived AI Engagement
A multi-item measure of perceived AI engagement — degree to which users feel the AI is actively listening, responding to, and engaging with their input.
Source: Croes, E. A. J., & Antheunis, M. L. (2021): Can we be friends with Mitsuku? A longitudinal study on the process of relationship formation between humans and a social chatbot. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 279–300.
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Perceived AI Fairness
An 8-item measure of an employee or user's perception of fairness in AI-driven decisions, adapting Colquitt (2001) procedural and distributive justice items to algorithmic decision contexts (e.g., hiring, performance, lending). Captures whe…
Source: Robert, L. P., Pierce, C., Marquis, L., Kim, S., & Alahmad, R. (2020): Designing fair AI for managing employees in organizations: A review, critique, and design agenda. Human–Computer Interaction, Vol. 35, No. 5–6, pp. 545–575.
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Perceived AI Output Authenticity
A multi-item measure of perceived authenticity of AI-generated content — whether it feels genuine, original, and not formulaic. Important in marketing and creative-AI research.
Source: Tucciarelli, R., Vehar, N., Chandaria, S., & Tsakiris, M. (2022): On the realness of people who do not exist: The social processing of artificial faces. iScience, Vol. 25, No. 12, Article 105441.
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Perceived delegation
Two three-item delegation scales developed and tested by Schriesheim and Neider (1988) were combined and labeled "DI" and "DII". Data and analyses from five separate samples have shown these measures to be temporally stable (i.e., to have g…
Source: Schriesheim et al. (1998): Delegation and leader-member exchange: Main effects, moderators, and measurement issues. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 298-318.
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Perceived Dirty Work
A multi-item measure of perceived 'dirtiness' of one's occupation — physical, social, or moral taint. Used in occupational-stigma research.
Source: Ashforth, B. E., & Kreiner, G. E. (1999): 'How can you do it?': Dirty work and the challenge of constructing a positive identity. Academy of Management Review, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 413–434.
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Perceived Inclusion (Mor Barak)
A 15-item measure of the extent to which employees feel a part of critical organizational processes including access to information, connectedness to coworkers, and ability to participate in and influence decision-making. Central to DEI res…
Source: Mor Barak, M. E., Cherin, D. A., & Berkman, S. (1998): Organizational and personal dimensions in diversity climate: Ethnic and gender differences in employee perceptions. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 82–104.
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Perceived Leader Narcissism
A multi-item measure of subordinate perceptions of leader narcissism — grandiosity, exploitativeness, and need for admiration.
Source: Rosenthal, S. A., & Pittinsky, T. L. (2006): Narcissistic leadership. Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 617–633.
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Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport (PMCSQ-2)
A 33-item measure of perceived motivational climate created by the coach across two higher-order dimensions: task-involving (cooperative learning, effort-improvement, important role) and ego-involving (intra-team rivalry, punishment for mis…
Source: Newton, M., Duda, J. L., & Yin, Z. (2000): Examination of the psychometric properties of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2. Journal of Sports Sciences, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 275–290.
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Perceived Organizational Support (SPOS-3 ultra short)
A 3-item ultra-short SPOS for diary or panel surveys, retaining the strongest indicators from the SPOS-8.
Source: Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986): Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 71, No. 3, pp. 500–507.
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Perceived Organizational Support (SPOS-8)
An 8-item short form of the Survey of Perceived Organizational Support measuring the global belief that the organization values employees' contributions and cares about their well-being. The most cited operationalization of POS.
Source: Eisenberger, R., Cummings, J., Armeli, S., & Lynch, P. (1997): Perceived organizational support, discretionary treatment, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 82, No. 5, pp. 812–820.
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Perceived product commercial success
A comprehensive set of measures is developed to assess an innovation’s locus, type, and characteristics. The measure described on this page is one of these measures. It is found that the concepts of competence destroying and competence enha…
Source: Gatignon et al. (2002): A Structural Approach to Assessing Innovation: Construct Development of Innovation Locus, Type, and Characteristics. Management Science, Vol. 48, No. 9, pp. 1103–1122.
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Perceived Red Tape (Bozeman)
A multi-item measure of perceived red tape — burdensome, formalized rules and procedures that hinder organizational effectiveness.
Source: Bozeman, B. (2000): Bureaucracy and red tape. Prentice-Hall.
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Perceived Relationship Quality Components (PRQC)
An 18-item measure of relationship quality across six components: relationship satisfaction, commitment, intimacy, trust, passion, and love.
Source: Fletcher, G. J. O., Simpson, J. A., & Thomas, G. (2000): The measurement of perceived relationship quality components: A confirmatory factor analytic approach. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 340–354.
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Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
Stress is a big topic in psychological research. Humans regularly experience stress. It is a feeling of pressure. There is both positive (e.g., wedding) and negative stress (e.g., fleeing from an attack), although it is probably more freque…
Source: Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24 , 385-396.
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Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10, Cohen)
A 10-item measure of the degree to which life situations are appraised as stressful in the past month, distinct from objective stressor exposure.
Source: Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983): A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 385–396.
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Perceived Stress Scale-14 (PSS-14)
A 14-item full version of the Perceived Stress Scale. Use PSS-10 or PSS-4 in modern research; PSS-14 included for legacy comparisons.
Source: Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983): A global measure of perceived stress. JHSB, 24(4), 385–396.
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Perceived Stress Scale-4 (PSS-4)
A 4-item ultra-brief PSS suitable for diary studies, panel surveys, and very tight survey budgets.
Source: Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. (1988): Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapan & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Health (pp. 31–67). Sage.
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Perceived Supervisor Support (PSS)
A 4- to 8-item measure of the global belief that the immediate supervisor values the employee's contribution and cares about his/her well-being. Treated as a precursor and parallel construct to perceived organizational support.
Source: Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002): Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 87, No. 4, pp. 698–714.
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Perceptions of Organizational Politics (POPS, Kacmar & Carlson)
A 15-item measure of perceived organizational politics across three dimensions: general political behaviour, go-along-to-get-ahead, and pay/promotion politics. Predicts strain, withdrawal, and reduced citizenship.
Source: Kacmar, K. M., & Carlson, D. S. (1997): Further validation of the Perceptions of Politics Scale (POPS): A multiple sample investigation. Journal of Management, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 627–658.
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Perfectionism (AB5C: III+/IV-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Perfectionism" and target/key label "AB5C: III+/IV-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Perfectionism (CAT-PD: Perfectionism))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Perfectionism" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Perfectionism)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Perfectionism (HEX: C-Perf))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Perfectionism" and target/key label "HEX: C-Perf)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Perfectionism (Perfectionism: Foa, et al., 1998))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Perfectionism" and target/key label "Perfectionism: Foa, et al., 1998)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Perfectionistic Self-Presentation Scale (PSPS)
A 27-item measure of perfectionistic self-presentation — the interpersonal expression of perfectionism through three facets: perfectionistic self-promotion, nondisplay of imperfection, and nondisclosure of imperfection.
Source: Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., Sherry, S. B., Habke, M., Parkin, M., Lam, R. W., McMurtry, B., Ediger, E., Fairlie, P., & Stein, M. B. (2003): The interpersonal expression of perfection: Perfectionistic self-presentation and psychological distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 84, No. 6, pp. 1303–1325.
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Performance
Supervisors were asked to complete a seven-item performance-rating measure based on a scale originally employed by Mott (1972). Previous research using this measure (e.g., Fulk/Wendler, 1982; Schriesheim, 1980) has suggested that it has goo…
Source: Anand/Ward (2004): Fit, Flexibility and Performance in Manufacturing: Coping with Dynamic Environments. Production and Operations Management, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 369–385.
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Performance
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Example entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Example. Verify the original source before field use.
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Performance Feedback Environment Scale (FES)
A 60-item measure of the perceived feedback environment across seven facets: source credibility, feedback quality, feedback delivery, favorable feedback, unfavorable feedback, source availability, and promotion of feedback seeking.
Source: Steelman, L. A., Levy, P. E., & Snell, A. F. (2004): The Feedback Environment Scale: Construct definition, measurement, and validation. Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 165–184.
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Performance measurement system design for turbulence
A new PMS design for turbulence scale was developed. Items were generated based on a review of the literature and discussed with researchers and practitioners.
Source: Bühler/Wallenburg/Wieland (2016): Accounting for External Turbulence of Logistics Organizations via Performance Measurement Systems. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 21, No. 6
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PERMA-Profiler (Butler & Kern)
A 23-item multi-dimensional measure of well-being based on Seligman's PERMA model: Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment. Includes additional items for negative emotion, health, loneliness, and overall hap…
Source: Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016): The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 1–48.
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Perseverance/Industriousness/Persistence (6FPQ: IT))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Perseverance/Industriousness/Persistence" and target/key label "6FPQ: IT)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Perseverance/Industriousness/Persistence (BFAS: Industriousness))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Perseverance/Industriousness/Persistence" and target/key label "BFAS: Industriousness)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Perseverance/Industriousness/Persistence (TCI: P4))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Perseverance/Industriousness/Persistence" and target/key label "TCI: P4)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Perseverance/Industriousness/Persistence (VIA: Ind))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Perseverance/Industriousness/Persistence" and target/key label "VIA: Ind)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Persistence/Industriousness/Perseverance (6FPQ: IT))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Persistence/Industriousness/Perseverance" and target/key label "6FPQ: IT)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Persistence/Industriousness/Perseverance (BFAS: Industriousness))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Persistence/Industriousness/Perseverance" and target/key label "BFAS: Industriousness)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Persistence/Industriousness/Perseverance (TCI: P4))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Persistence/Industriousness/Perseverance" and target/key label "TCI: P4)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Persistence/Industriousness/Perseverance (VIA: Ind))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Persistence/Industriousness/Perseverance" and target/key label "VIA: Ind)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Person-Supervisor Fit (Kristof-Brown)
A 4-item measure of subjective person-supervisor fit — perceived value and personality congruence between employee and direct supervisor.
Source: Kristof-Brown, A. L., Zimmerman, R. D., & Johnson, E. C. (2005): Consequences of individuals' fit at work. Personnel Psychology, Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 281–342.
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Person-Team Fit (Werbel & Johnson)
A multi-item measure of subjective person-team fit — perceived value and skill complementarity between employee and team members.
Source: Werbel, J. D., & Johnson, D. J. (2001): The use of person-group fit for employment selection: A missing link in person-environment fit. Human Resource Management, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 227–240.
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Personal Initiative (Frese)
A multi-item measure of dispositional personal initiative — proactive, self-starting, and persistent behaviour in pursuing work goals.
Source: Frese, M., Fay, D., Hilburger, T., Leng, K., & Tag, A. (1997): The concept of personal initiative: Operationalization, reliability and validity in two German samples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 139–161.
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Personal Involvement Inventory (PII, Zaichkowsky)
A 20-item semantic-differential measure of involvement with a product or category. Foundational involvement measure.
Source: Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1985): Measuring the involvement construct. Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 341–352.
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Personal Resources at Work (Xanthopoulou et al.)
A multi-item measure of three personal resources at work: self-efficacy, organization-based self-esteem, and optimism. Mediator between job resources and engagement in the JD-R model.
Source: Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007): The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 121–141.
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Personal Social Capital (PSCS)
A 10-item measure of personal social capital — bonding (close ties) and bridging (weak ties to diverse others). Used widely in well-being and economic-mobility research.
Source: Chen, X., Stanton, B., Gong, J., Fang, X., & Li, X. (2009): Personal Social Capital Scale: An instrument for health and behavioral research. Health Education Research, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 306–317.
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Personal/Social/Emotional Intelligence (VIA: Soc))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Personal/Social/Emotional Intelligence" and target/key label "VIA: Soc)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Person–group fit
Person–group fit was measured with five items taken from Vogel & Feldman (2009).
Source: Zhang et al. (2014): Relational Versus Collective Identification Within Workgroups: Conceptualization, Measurement Development, and Nomological Network Building. Journal of Management, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 1700–1731
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Person–Job Fit (Cable & DeRue)
A 6-item measure of two dimensions of person-job fit: demands-abilities (match between job demands and personal abilities) and needs-supplies (match between personal needs and rewards offered by the job).
Source: Cable, D. M., & DeRue, D. S. (2002): The convergent and discriminant validity of subjective fit perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 87, No. 5, pp. 875–884.
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Person–Organization Fit (Cable & Judge)
A 3-item measure of subjective person-organization fit — the perceived congruence between the values of an individual and the values of the organization. Predicts attraction, satisfaction, commitment, and retention.
Source: Cable, D. M., & Judge, T. A. (1996): Person–organization fit, job choice decisions, and organizational entry. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 294–311.
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Perspective/Wisdom (VIA: Per))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Perspective/Wisdom" and target/key label "VIA: Per)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Pets, Interest in (ORAIS: Pets))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Pets, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Pets)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Physical Attractiveness (Physical Attractiveness: Rational Scale)
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Physical Attractiveness" and target/key label "Physical Attractiveness: Rational Scale".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)
A 19-item measure of sleep quality and disturbances over the past month, generating a global score from seven components: sleep quality, latency, duration, efficiency, disturbances, medication use, and daytime dysfunction.
Source: Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989): The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 193–213.
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Planfulness (CPI: Ac))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Planfulness" and target/key label "CPI: Ac)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Planfulness (MPQ: CO))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Planfulness" and target/key label "MPQ: CO)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Platform Worker Precarity
A multi-item measure of perceived precarity among platform workers — income volatility, lack of benefits, and dependence on the platform.
Source: Vallas, S., & Schor, J. B. (2020): What do platforms do? Understanding the gig economy. Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 46, pp. 273–294.
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Playfulness/Humor (6FPQ: IT3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Playfulness/Humor" and target/key label "6FPQ: IT3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Playfulness/Humor (HPI: Entertaining HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Playfulness/Humor" and target/key label "HPI: Entertaining HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Playfulness/Humor (VIA: Hum))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Playfulness/Humor" and target/key label "VIA: Hum)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Pleasantness (AB5C: II+/IV+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Pleasantness" and target/key label "AB5C: II+/IV+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Pleasantness (HPI: Virtuous HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Pleasantness" and target/key label "HPI: Virtuous HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Poise (AB5C: I+/IV+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Poise" and target/key label "AB5C: I+/IV+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Poise (CPI: Tm))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Poise" and target/key label "CPI: Tm)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Politeness (CPI: D-SD))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Politeness" and target/key label "CPI: D-SD)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Political Activism, Interest in (ORAIS: Political/Organizational))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Political Activism, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Political/Organizational)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Political conservatism scale (SECS)
In recent years, psychologists and neuroscientists have discussed the psychology underlying political attitudes. Jim Everett developed a simple scale to measure political conservatism. It is only 12 items. The challenge of this type of scal…
Source: Everett, J.E. (2013). The 12 Item Social and Economic Conservatism Scale (SECS). Open access link here
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Political Efficacy
A multi-item measure of political efficacy with two subscales: internal (perceived ability to influence government) and external (perceived responsiveness of government).
Source: Niemi, R. G., Craig, S. C., & Mattei, F. (1991): Measuring internal political efficacy in the 1988 National Election Study. American Political Science Review, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 1407–1413.
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Political Skill Inventory (PSI, Ferris et al.)
An 18-item measure of political skill across four dimensions: networking ability, interpersonal influence, social astuteness, and apparent sincerity.
Source: Ferris, G. R., Treadway, D. C., Kolodinsky, R. W., Hochwarter, W. A., Kacmar, C. J., Douglas, C., & Frink, D. D. (2005): Development and validation of the political skill inventory. Journal of Management, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 126–152.
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Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
Affect refers to whether you feel emotionally in a positive or negative mood. An often used measure of both positive and negative affect is the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule PANAS (Watson, Clark, and Tellegen, 1988) . The PANAS scal…
Source: PsyToolkit survey library page with background, links, and references.
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Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
A 20-item measure of positive (10) and negative (10) affect. Items are rated on a 5-point scale and the time frame is flexible (right now, today, past week, in general). Foundational for affect research.
Source: Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988): Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 1063–1070.
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Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
A 30-item clinician-rated scale of schizophrenia symptoms across three subscales: positive (7 items), negative (7), and general psychopathology (16). Standard outcome measure in antipsychotic trials.
Source: Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987): The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 261–276.
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Positive Expressivity (Barchard, 2001))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Positive Expressivity" and target/key label "Barchard, 2001)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Positive Expressivity (BFAS: Politeness))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Positive Expressivity" and target/key label "BFAS: Politeness)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Positive Humor in the Workplace
A multi-item measure of positive humour expressed by leaders and coworkers — affiliative jokes, light-hearted banter, and self-enhancing humour. Predicts climate, engagement, and creativity.
Source: Tremblay, M. (2017): Humor in teams: Multilevel relationships between humor climate, inclusion, trust, and citizenship behaviors. Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 363–378.
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Positive Mindset Index (PMI)
The Positive Mindset Index (PMI) is a short and easy to complete to measure people's mental health. The PMI has been validated and has been used in a good number of studies. According to Seager, Sullivan, and Barry (2014) :
Source: Barry, J. A., Folkard, A., & Ayliffe, W. (2014). Validation of a brief questionnaire measuring positive mindset in patients with uveitis. Psychology, Community & Health, 3(1) , 1-10. Open Access PDF | Seager, M., Sullivan, L., & Barry, J. (2014). Gender-Related Schemas and Suicidality: Validation of the Male and Female Traditional Gender Scripts Questionnaires. New Male Studies, 3(3) , 34-54. Open Access PDF
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Positive Reciprocity Beliefs (Eisenberger, Lynch, Aselage & Rohdieck)
A multi-item measure of dispositional belief in positive reciprocity — the obligation to return favours and good treatment. Strong moderator in social-exchange research, including UPB.
Source: Eisenberger, R., Lynch, P., Aselage, J., & Rohdieck, S. (2004): Who takes the most revenge? Individual differences in negative reciprocity norm endorsement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 787–799.
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Positive Thinking Scale
Think Positive! You surely have heard this before. The idea of positive thinking came en vogue in the 1950s with the popular (but also heavily criticised) book Power of Positive Thinking .
Source: Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi. D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2009). New measures of well-being: Flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 39 , 247-266. Online available here .
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Positive Workplace Gossip
A multi-item measure of positive workplace gossip — informal positive talk about absent third parties. Distinct from negative gossip; can build social capital.
Source: Brady, D. L., Brown, D. J., & Liang, L. H. (2017): Moving beyond assumptions of deviance: The reconceptualization and measurement of workplace gossip. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 102, No. 1, pp. 1–25.
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Positivity (PFI, Caprara et al.)
An 8-item measure of dispositional positivity — the basic predisposition to view life with a positive outlook, encompassing self-esteem, life satisfaction, and optimism.
Source: Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., Eisenberg, N., Kupfer, A., Steca, P., Caprara, M. G., Yamaguchi, S., Fukuzawa, A., & Abela, J. (2012): The Positivity Scale. Psychological Assessment, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 701–712.
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Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI)
A 21-item measure of perceived growth following trauma across five domains: relating to others, new possibilities, personal strength, spiritual change, and appreciation of life.
Source: Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996): The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 455–471.
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Power
Hofstede's five cultural factors are reconceptualized as ten personal cultural orientations: independence, interdependence, power, social inequality, masculinity, gender equality, risk aversion, ambiguity intolerance, tradition, and prudenc…
Source: Sharma (2010): Measuring Personal Cultural Orientations: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 787–806
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Power
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Impact entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Impact. Verify the original source before field use.
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Power Distance Belief (Mockaitis)
A 7-item refinement of individual-level power distance, capturing acceptance of hierarchy, deference to authority, and centralization preference.
Source: Mockaitis, A. I. (2002): The influence of national cultural values on management attitudes: A comparative study across three countries (Doctoral dissertation). Vilnius University.
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Power Motive (TAT/PSE-derived items)
A measure of implicit power motive — the unconscious desire to influence others — typically derived from picture-story exercise (PSE/TAT) coding rather than self-report. Standard Winter (1973/1991) coding system is widely used.
Source: Winter, D. G. (1991): Manual for scoring motive imagery in running text (4th ed.). Department of Psychology, University of Michigan.
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Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI)
A 31-item measure of nurse practice environment across five subscales: nurse participation in hospital affairs, nursing foundations for quality of care, nurse manager ability/leadership, staffing/resource adequacy, and collegial nurse-physi…
Source: Lake, E. T. (2002): Development of the practice environment scale of the Nursing Work Index. Research in Nursing & Health, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 176–188.
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Privacy Concerns Toward AI
An adaptation of Smith, Milberg & Burke's (1996) IUIPC and CFIP measures to AI contexts, capturing concerns about how AI systems collect, store, use, and share personal data. Particularly relevant in the era of large language models trained…
Source: Malhotra, N. K., Kim, S. S., & Agarwal, J. (2004): Internet users' information privacy concerns (IUIPC): The construct, the scale, and a causal model. Information Systems Research, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 336–355.
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Private benefit, competition
The author (1) adopts a coopetition-based approach in theoretically conceptualizing value creation in interfirm alliances as a construct consisting of three dimensions: common benefit, private benefitcooperation, private benefitcompetition …
Source: Rai (201_): A Co-opetition-Based Approach to Value Creation in Interfirm Alliances: Construction of a Measure and Examination of Its Psychometric Properties. Journal of Management, Vol. __, No. __, pp. __-__.
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Private benefit, cooperation
The author (1) adopts a coopetition-based approach in theoretically conceptualizing value creation in interfirm alliances as a construct consisting of three dimensions: common benefit, private benefitcooperation, private benefitcompetition …
Source: Rai (201_): A Co-opetition-Based Approach to Value Creation in Interfirm Alliances: Construction of a Measure and Examination of Its Psychometric Properties. Journal of Management, Vol. __, No. __, pp. __-__.
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Private Self-consciousness/Introspection (AB5C: V+/I-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Private Self-consciousness/Introspection" and target/key label "AB5C: V+/I-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Private Self-consciousness/Introspection (HPI: Self Focus HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Private Self-consciousness/Introspection" and target/key label "HPI: Self Focus HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Private Self-consciousness/Introspection (Private Self-Consciousness: Buss, 1980))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Private Self-consciousness/Introspection" and target/key label "Private Self-Consciousness: Buss, 1980)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Pro-Environmental Behaviour (PEB)
A multi-item measure of self-reported pro-environmental behaviours: recycling, energy conservation, sustainable transportation, and green consumption.
Source: Kaiser, F. G., Wölfing, S., & Fuhrer, U. (1999): Environmental attitude and ecological behaviour. Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 1–19.
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Pro-Supervisor Unethical Behaviour
A 5-item measure of an employee's willingness to engage in unethical actions specifically to benefit their direct supervisor, distinct from pro-organizational unethical behaviour. Captures the dyadic loyalty dimension of moral disengagement…
Source: Mesdaghinia, S., Rawat, A., & Nadavulakere, S. (2019): Why moral followers quit: Examining the role of leader bottom-line mentality and unethical behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 159, No. 2, pp. 491–505.
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Proactive cost improvement
Upon completing a review of the literature, scale development is completed in five phases. The first two phases focus on item generation and qualitative validation. The third phase (quantitative pilot testing) involves a sample of 220 logis…
Source: Wallenburg et al. (2010): Developing a scale for proactive improvement within logistics outsourcing relationships. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 5–21.
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Proactive cost improvement
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Proactive improvement entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Proactive improvement. Verify the original source before field use.
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Proactive improvement
Upon completing a review of the literature, scale development is completed in five phases. The first two phases focus on item generation and qualitative validation. The third phase (quantitative pilot testing) involves a sample of 220 logis…
Source: Wallenburg et al. (2010): Developing a scale for proactive improvement within logistics outsourcing relationships. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 5–21.
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Proactive improvement
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Proactive cost improvement entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Proactive cost improvement. Verify the original source before field use.
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Proactive performance improvement
Upon completing a review of the literature, scale development is completed in five phases. The first two phases focus on item generation and qualitative validation. The third phase (quantitative pilot testing) involves a sample of 220 logis…
Source: Wallenburg et al. (2010): Developing a scale for proactive improvement within logistics outsourcing relationships. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 5–21.
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Proactive Personality (Bateman & Crant short)
A 10-item or 17-item measure of the dispositional tendency to identify opportunities and take initiative to bring about change. The most cited measure of proactive personality in management research; predicts entrepreneurship, career succes…
Source: Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993): The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 103–118.
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Proactive Socialization Behaviours (Ashford & Black)
A 25-item measure of newcomer proactive behaviours: information seeking, feedback seeking, relationship building, networking, general socializing, job-change negotiation, and positive framing.
Source: Ashford, S. J., & Black, J. S. (1996): Proactivity during organizational entry: The role of desire for control. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 199–214.
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Proactiveness
The study presents a foreign language version of a popular scale for measuring entrepreneurship and tests the instrument's utility in cross-cultural settings as a means of validating it for use abroad. The dimensions "innovativeness" and "p…
Source: Knight (1997): Cross-cultural reliability and validity of a scale to measure firm entrepreneurial orientation. Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 213-225.
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Proactiveness
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Innovativeness entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Innovativeness. Verify the original source before field use.
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Problem-solving (HPI: Math Ability HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Problem-solving" and target/key label "HPI: Math Ability HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Problem-solving (HPI: Science Ability HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Problem-solving" and target/key label "HPI: Science Ability HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ)
Problematic internet use is a common phenomenon. The Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ) was first published in 2006 and its psychometric properties were checked in a study by Kelly & Gruber (2010) . The latter study generally con…
Source: Demetrovics, Z., Szeredi, B., & Rózsa, S. (2008). The three-factor model of Internet addiction: The development of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire. Behavior Research Methods, 40 , 563-574. | Kelley, K. J. & Gruber, E. M. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Problematic Internet Use Questionaire. Computers in human behavior, 26 , 1838-1845.
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Problems with executive control (webexec)
Executive control functions are those mental functions that coordinate thoughts and behavior. A well known questionnaire to measure these is the DEX, but it is not entirely clear whether the DEX can be used here in the PsyToolkit library (d…
Source: Buchanan, T., Heffernan, T. M., Parrott, A. C., Ling, J., Rodgers, J., & Scholey, A. B. (2010). A short self-report measure of problems with executive function suitable for administration via the Internet. Behavior Research Methods, 42 , 709-714.
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Procedural justice
Four dimensions of organizational justice were measured with a scale developed and validated by Colquitt (2001): procedual, distributive, interpersonal, and informational justice. The scale ranged from 1 (to a very small extent) to 5 (to a …
Source: Colquitt/Rodell (2011): Justice, trust, and trustworthiness: A longitudinal analysis integrating three theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 1183–1206
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Procedural Justice (Niehoff & Moorman short)
A 5-item measure of formal procedural justice from Niehoff & Moorman (1993). Used widely as a parsimonious alternative to Colquitt's procedural-justice subscale.
Source: Niehoff, B. P., & Moorman, R. H. (1993): Justice as a mediator of the relationship between methods of monitoring and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 527–556.
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Process control
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Flynn et al. (1994): A framework for quality management research and an associated measurement instrument. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 339-366.
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Process control
Related management scale cross-referenced from the New service development process focus entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for New service development process focus. Verify the original source before field use.
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Process formalization
A previously multi-item 7-point scale was used. It was further pretested with six logistics researchers and six executive managers of logistics service providers to ensure face validity.
Source: Raue, J.S. & Wieland, A. (2015): The Interplay of Different Types of Governance in Horizontal Cooperations. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 401–423
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Process management
Eight quality management practices were identified by the authors: customer focus, employee relations, management leadership, process management, product/service design, quality data and reporting, supplier quality management, and training.
Source: Kaynak/Hartley (2008): A replication and extension of quality management into the supply chain. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 468–489.
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Processes and equipment development
The authors identify improvement and innovation as two critical plant level capabilities. These capabilities are each conceptualized as a second-order factor and measured through a distinct bundle of routines. The following routines underly…
Source: Peng et al. (2008): Linking routines to operations capabilities: A new perspective. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 730-748.
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Procrastinatory Cognitions Inventory (PCI)
Procrastination is the postponing of more important activities for less important ones. The Procrastinatory Cognitions Inventory (PCI) thoughts associated with procrastination. The higher one scores on the PCI, the more mostly negative thou…
Source: Stainton, M., Lay, C. H., & Flett, G. L. (2000). Trait procrastinators and behavior/trait-specific cognitions. Journal of social behavior and personality, 15 , 297-312.
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Product and service quality
Based on a comprehensive scale development and validation procedure, the authors find support for a five-dimensional scale to measure customer-based corporate reputation of a service firm: customer orientation, good employer, reliable and f…
Source: Walsh & Beatty (2007): Customer-based Corporate Reputation of a Service Firm: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 127-143.
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Product competitive advantage
Although certain items of some scales were developed specifically for the Japanese context, many were derived from existing validated scales. Respondents answered all questions using a Likert-type scale ranging from 0 to 10; field research …
Source: Song/Montoya-Weiss (2001): The Effect of Perceived Technological Uncertainty on Japanese New Product Development. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 61-80.
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Product competitive advantage
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Opportunity for sustainable advantage entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Opportunity for sustainable advantage. Verify the original source before field use.
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Product complexity
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Atuahene-Gima/Li (2002): When does trust matter? Antecedents and contingent effects of supervisee trust on performance in selling new products in China and the United States. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 61-81. Previously used by Bello/Gilliland (1997).
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Product or service design
Eight quality management practices were identified by the authors: customer focus, employee relations, management leadership, process management, product/service design, quality data and reporting, supplier quality management, and training.
Source: Kaynak/Hartley (2008): A replication and extension of quality management into the supply chain. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 468–489.
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Product quality
Through a detailed analysis of the literature, twelve constructs of integrated quality management strategies were identified: top management commitment, customer focus, supplier quality management, design quality management, benchmarking, S…
Source: Boyer/Frohlich (2006): Analysis of Effects of Operational Execution on Repeat Purchasing for Heterogeneous Customer Segments. Production and Operations Management, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 229–242.
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Product quality
Related management scale cross-referenced from the New product quality entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for New product quality. Verify the original source before field use.
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Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL)
A 30-item measure for helping professionals across three subscales: compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress (compassion fatigue). Used widely with nurses, social workers, and other carers.
Source: Stamm, B. H. (2010): The Concise ProQOL Manual (2nd ed.). Pocatello, ID: ProQOL.org.
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Professional respect
It was aimed to measure Leader-Member Exchange (LMX). Therefore a multidimensional measure was developed and validated. Item analysis involving 302 working students, followed by construct and criterion-related validation using 249 employees…
Source: Liden/Maslyn (1998): Multidimensionafity of Leader-Member Exchange: An Empirical Assessment through Scale Development. Journal of Management, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 43-72.
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Project management
The paper defines and operationalizes eight Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) competence constructs. A two-stage normative process of scale development is followed. First, a portfolio of eight generic constructs that are hypothesized to be…
Source: Stratman/Roth (2002): Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Competence Constructs: Two-Stage Multi-Item Scale Development and Validation. Decision Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 601-628.
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PROMIS Anxiety Short Form 8a
An 8-item NIH-developed anxiety measure from the PROMIS system. IRT-calibrated; converts to T-scores comparable to US population norms.
Source: Pilkonis, P. A., Choi, S. W., Reise, S. P., Stover, A. M., Riley, W. T., & Cella, D. (2011): PROMIS item banks. Assessment, 18(3), 263–283.
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PROMIS Depression Short Form 8a
An 8-item NIH-developed depression measure from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System. Calibrated via item-response theory; results convert to T-scores comparable to US norms.
Source: Pilkonis, P. A., Choi, S. W., Reise, S. P., Stover, A. M., Riley, W. T., & Cella, D. (2011): Item banks for measuring emotional distress from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Assessment, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 263–283.
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PROMIS Fatigue Short Form 8a
An 8-item NIH-developed measure of fatigue intensity and impact. IRT-calibrated.
Source: Cella, D., Lai, J. S., Jensen, S. E., Christodoulou, C., Junghaenel, D. U., Reeve, B. B., & Stone, A. A. (2016): PROMIS Fatigue item bank had clinical validity across diverse chronic conditions. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, Vol. 73, pp. 128–134.
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PROMIS Sleep Disturbance Short Form 8a
An 8-item NIH-developed measure of sleep disturbance covering sleep quality, depth, restoration, and difficulties.
Source: Yu, L., Buysse, D. J., Germain, A., Moul, D. E., Stover, A., Dodds, N. E., Johnston, K. L., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2011): Development of short forms from the PROMIS Sleep Disturbance and Sleep-Related Impairment item banks. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 6–24.
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Promotive and Prohibitive Voice (Liang, Farh & Farh)
A 10-item measure with two 5-item subscales: promotive voice (constructive suggestions for change) and prohibitive voice (warnings about harmful practices). Captures the dual nature of speaking up at work.
Source: Liang, J., Farh, C. I. C., & Farh, J.-L. (2012): Psychological antecedents of promotive and prohibitive voice: A two-wave examination. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 71–92.
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Propensity to Morally Disengage (Moore et al.)
An 8-item adult measure of dispositional propensity to morally disengage, designed for organizational settings. Each item captures one of the eight Bandura mechanisms with a context relevant to working adults.
Source: Moore, C., Detert, J. R., Treviño, L. K., Baker, V. L., & Mayer, D. M. (2012): Why employees do bad things: Moral disengagement and unethical organizational behavior. Personnel Psychology, Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 1–48.
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Propensity to Trust (Frazier, Johnson & Fainshmidt)
A 4-item measure of dispositional trust — the general willingness to trust others, conceptualized as a stable individual difference.
Source: Frazier, M. L., Johnson, P. D., & Fainshmidt, S. (2013): Development and validation of a Propensity to Trust Scale. Journal of Trust Research, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 76–97.
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Prosocial Motivation at Work (Grant)
A 4-item measure of prosocial work motivation — desire to make a positive impact on others through one's work.
Source: Grant, A. M. (2008): Does intrinsic motivation fuel the prosocial fire? Motivational synergy in predicting persistence, performance, and productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 93, No. 1, pp. 48–58.
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Prosocial Workplace Behavior
A multi-item measure of prosocial behaviour at work — helping, sharing, and cooperating with coworkers without expectation of reward.
Source: Bolino, M. C., & Grant, A. M. (2016): The bright side of being prosocial at work, and the dark side, too: A review and agenda for research on other-oriented motives, behavior, and impact in organizations. Academy of Management Annals, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 599–670.
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Protean Career Attitudes (Briscoe, Hall & DeMuth)
A 14-item measure of protean career orientation with two subscales: self-directed career management (8 items) and values-driven career attitudes (6 items). Captures the modern career ideal of being driven by personal values and self-managem…
Source: Briscoe, J. P., Hall, D. T., & DeMuth, R. L. F. (2006): Protean and boundaryless careers: An empirical exploration. Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 30–47.
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Protestant Work Ethic (Mirels & Garrett)
A 19-item measure of the Protestant Work Ethic — the belief that hard work is a moral duty, leisure is a vice, and economic success is a sign of virtue. Foundational measure for cross-cultural and values-based work research.
Source: Mirels, H. L., & Garrett, J. B. (1971): The Protestant Ethic as a personality variable. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 40–44.
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Provocativeness (AB5C: I+/II-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Provocativeness" and target/key label "AB5C: I+/II-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Prudence
Hofstede's five cultural factors are reconceptualized as ten personal cultural orientations: independence, interdependence, power, social inequality, masculinity, gender equality, risk aversion, ambiguity intolerance, tradition, and prudenc…
Source: Sharma (2010): Measuring Personal Cultural Orientations: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 787–806
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Prudence (HEX: C-Prud))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Prudence" and target/key label "HEX: C-Prud)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Prudence (VIA: Pru))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Prudence" and target/key label "VIA: Pru)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Pseudo-Transformational Leadership (Barling, Christie & Turner)
A multi-item measure of pseudo-transformational leadership — leaders who use transformational techniques (vision, inspiration) for self-serving rather than collective ends. Distinguishes superficial charisma from authentic transformational …
Source: Barling, J., Christie, A., & Turner, N. (2008): Pseudo-transformational leadership: Towards the development and test of a model. Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 81, No. 4, pp. 851–861.
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Pseudoscience Belief Scale
A multi-item measure of belief in pseudoscientific claims (astrology, homeopathy, telepathy, conspiracy theories). Negatively related to analytic thinking.
Source: Pennycook, G., Cheyne, J. A., Barr, N., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2015): On the reception and detection of pseudo-profound bullshit. Judgment and Decision Making, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 549–563.
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PSWQ Abbreviated (PSWQ-A)
An 8-item abbreviated form of the PSWQ for use in older adults and brief surveys.
Source: Hopko, D. R., Stanley, M. A., Reas, D. L., Wetherell, J. L., Beck, J. G., Novy, D. M., & Averill, P. M. (2003): Assessing worry in older adults: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and psychometric properties of an abbreviated model. Psychological Assessment, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 173–183.
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Psychological Capital (PCQ-12)
A 12-item short form of Luthans's Psychological Capital Questionnaire measuring four positive psychological resources: self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and optimism (HERO). PsyCap is treated as a higher-order state-like construct that predi…
Source: Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007): Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, Vol. 60, No. 3, pp. 541–572.
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Psychological Contract Breach (Robinson & Morrison)
A 5-item global measure of perceived breach of the employee–employer psychological contract — the cognitive recognition that the organization has failed to fulfil one or more of its obligations. Strongly linked to violation, distrust, and t…
Source: Robinson, S. L., & Morrison, E. W. (2000): The development of psychological contract breach and violation: A longitudinal study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 525–546.
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Psychological Detachment from Work
A 4-item subscale of the REQ measuring psychological detachment from work during off-hours — mentally disengaging from job-related thoughts.
Source: Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2007): The Recovery Experience Questionnaire. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 204–221.
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Psychological Empowerment (Spreitzer)
A 12-item measure of psychological empowerment across four facets: meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact. Captures a motivational construct shaped by job design and leadership.
Source: Spreitzer, G. M. (1995): Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 1442–1465.
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Psychological empowerment in the workplace: meaning, competence, self-determination, impact
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Competence entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Competence. Verify the original source before field use.
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Psychological Sense of School Membership (PSSM)
An 18-item measure of students' sense of belonging at school across three factors: belonging, rejection, and acceptance.
Source: Goodenow, C. (1993): The Psychological Sense of School Membership among adolescents: Scale development and educational correlates. Psychology in the Schools, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 79–90.
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Psychopathy (LSRP)
Psychopathy is a personality disorder which can occur in non-institutionalised population. Psychopaths are also known as sociopaths. Psychopaths are often cruel, manipulative, lying, and impulsive. Psychopathy fascinates people, and it is e…
Source: Levenson, M.R., Kiehl, K.A, Fitzpatrick, C.M. (1995). Assessing psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutionalized population. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68 , 151-158. | Miller, J.D., Gaughan, E.T., and Pryor, L.R. (2008). The Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale. An Examination of the Personality Traits and Disorders Associated With the LSRP Factors. Assessment, 15 , 450-463. | Sellbom, M. (2011). Elaborating on the construct validity of the Levenson self-report psychopathy scale in incarcerated and non-incarcerated samples. Law and Human Behavior, 35 , 440-451. | Nikolova, N.L. (2009). The Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised: Evaluation of Its Psychometric Properties, Incremental Validity, and Moderating Effects of Gender in a Correctional Sample. Dissertation retrieved from this link .
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PTSD Checklist - Civilian Version (PCL-C)
A 17-item self-report measure of PTSD symptoms across DSM-IV criteria. Now largely replaced by PCL-5 for DSM-5 but still in legacy use.
Source: Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1993): The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.
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PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)
A 20-item self-report measure of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms across four clusters: intrusion, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition/mood, and hyperarousal.
Source: Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013): The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). National Center for PTSD.
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Public Sector HRM Practices
A multi-item measure of HRM practices in public-sector contexts — merit-based selection, training, performance management, and employee participation.
Source: Knies, E., Boselie, P., Gould-Williams, J., & Vandenabeele, W. (2015): Special issue of International Journal of Human Resource Management: Strategic human resource management and public sector performance. International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 421–424.
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Public Self-consciousness (Public Self-Consciousness: Buss, 1980))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Public Self-consciousness" and target/key label "Public Self-Consciousness: Buss, 1980)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Public Service Motivation (Perry)
A 24-item measure of public service motivation across four dimensions: attraction to policy making, commitment to the public interest, compassion, and self-sacrifice.
Source: Perry, J. L. (1996): Measuring public service motivation: An assessment of construct reliability and validity. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 5–22.
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Public Service Performance
A multi-item measure of perceived public service performance — efficiency, effectiveness, quality, and equity of public service delivery.
Source: Brewer, G. A., & Selden, S. C. (2000): Why elephants gallop: Assessing and predicting organizational performance in federal agencies. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 685–711.
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Pull
The research takes a step toward clarifying the concept of lean production and develops and validates a multi-dimensional measure of lean production. The 10 distinct dimensions of a lean system are continuous flow, customer involvement, emp…
Source: Shah/Ward (2007): Defining and developing measures of lean production. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 785-805.
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Purchase intention
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Saaksjarvi/Morel (2010): The Development of a Scale to Measure Consumer Doubt Toward New Products. European Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. ???-???.
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Pure Procrastination Scale (PPS, Steel)
A 12-item self-report measure of dispositional procrastination — irrational delay despite knowing it will be costly.
Source: Steel, P. (2010): Arousal, avoidant and decisional procrastinators: Do they exist? Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 48, No. 8, pp. 926–934.
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Purpose in Life Test (PIL)
A 20-item measure of perceived sense of purpose in life. Foundational existential / meaning measure.
Source: Crumbaugh, J. C., & Maholick, L. T. (1964): An experimental study in existentialism: The psychometric approach to Frankl's concept of noogenic neurosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 200–207.
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Purposefulness (AB5C: III+/IV+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Purposefulness" and target/key label "AB5C: III+/IV+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
Q
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Quality data and reporting
Eight quality management practices were identified by the authors: customer focus, employee relations, management leadership, process management, product/service design, quality data and reporting, supplier quality management, and training.
Source: Kaynak/Hartley (2008): A replication and extension of quality management into the supply chain. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 468–489.
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Quality improvement rewards
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Flynn et al. (1994): A framework for quality management research and an associated measurement instrument. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 339-366.
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Quality leadership
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Flynn et al. (1994): A framework for quality management research and an associated measurement instrument. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 339-366.
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Quality leadership
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Management leadership entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Management leadership. Verify the original source before field use.
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Quality of information exchanged
The quality of the information exchanged in an alliance was measured with a Likert scale capturing the frequency, density, and openness of communication, as distinguished by Gupta/Govindarajan (1991).
Source: Krishnan et al. (2006): When Does Trust Matter To Alliance Performance? The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 894–917.
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Quality of Work Life (QWL, Sirgy et al.)
A 16-item measure of quality of work life based on need-satisfaction theory, covering health/safety, economic/family, social, esteem, actualization, knowledge, and aesthetics needs.
Source: Sirgy, M. J., Efraty, D., Siegel, P., & Lee, D.-J. (2001): A new measure of quality of work life (QWL) based on need satisfaction and spillover theories. Social Indicators Research, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 241–302.
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Quality performance
Multi-item constructs served as variables for four performance measures of quality performance, delivery performance, flexibility performance and cost performance. Construct validity was given by satisfactory psychometric properties on cont…
Source: Power et al. (2010): The cultural characteristic of individualism/collectivism: A comparative study of implications for investment in operations between emerging Asian and industrialized Western countries. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 206-222
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Quantitative & Qualitative Job Insecurity (Hellgren, Sverke & Isaksson)
A multi-item measure distinguishing quantitative job insecurity (fear of job loss) from qualitative job insecurity (fear of losing valued job features).
Source: Hellgren, J., Sverke, M., & Isaksson, K. (1999): A two-dimensional approach to job insecurity. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 179–195.
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Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being (QEWB)
A 21-item measure of eudaimonic well-being — self-discovery, perceived development of one's best potentials, sense of purpose, intense involvement, and engagement in personally expressive activities.
Source: Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Ravert, R. D., Williams, M. K., Bede Agocha, V., Kim, S. Y., & Brent Donnellan, M. (2010): The Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being. Journal of Positive Psychology, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 41–61.
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Quickness (AB5C: V+/IV+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Quickness" and target/key label "AB5C: V+/IV+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Quickness (HPI: Sch))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Quickness" and target/key label "HPI: Sch)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Quiet Quitting (Galanti, Cuel, De Vita & Cortini)
A recently developed multi-item measure capturing the quiet-quitting phenomenon: employees withholding discretionary effort, refusing extra-role behaviours, and doing the minimum required by the role description. The scale separates behavio…
Source: Galanti, T., Cuel, R., De Vita, A. M., & Cortini, M. (2023): Exploring quiet quitting: Validation of a scale and its relationship with mental health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 20, Article 6675.
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Radical innovation
A comprehensive set of measures is developed to assess an innovation’s locus, type, and characteristics. The measure described on this page is one of these measures. It is found that the concepts of competence destroying and competence enha…
Source: Gatignon et al. (2002): A Structural Approach to Assessing Innovation: Construct Development of Innovation Locus, Type, and Characteristics. Management Science, Vol. 48, No. 9, pp. 1103–1122.
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Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory-II (ROCI-II)
A 28-item measure of five conflict-handling styles: integrating, obliging, dominating, avoiding, and compromising. Designed for organizational settings.
Source: Rahim, M. A. (1983): A measure of styles of handling interpersonal conflict. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 368–376.
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Range flexibility
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Anand/Ward (2004): Fit, Flexibility and Performance in Manufacturing: Coping with Dynamic Environments. Production and Operations Management, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 369–385.
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Range flexibility
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Mobility flexibility entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Mobility flexibility. Verify the original source before field use.
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Rational Experiental Inventory (REI)
People seem to have two different modes of thinking: The Rational Experiental Inventory measures to what degree people engage in these two modes of thinking. According to the model of the developers (Pacini & Epstein, 1999), the thinking st…
Source: Pacini, R. and Epstein, S. (1999). The Relation of Rational and Experiential Information Processing Styles to Personality, Basic Beliefs, and the Ratio-Bias Phenomenon. Personality and Individual Differences, 76 , 972-987. | Daniel Kahneman on Thinking, Fast and Slow. Interview on YouTube . | Winerman, L. (2005). What we know without knowing how. APA Monitor, 36 , 50. Retrieved from here .
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Rational-Experiential Inventory (REI-40)
A 40-item measure of dual-process thinking styles: rational (analytic, deliberative) and experiential (intuitive, automatic). Each style has ability and engagement subscales.
Source: Pacini, R., & Epstein, S. (1999): The relation of rational and experiential information processing styles to personality, basic beliefs, and the ratio-bias phenomenon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 972–987.
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Rationality (AB5C: III+/II-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Rationality" and target/key label "AB5C: III+/II-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Readiness for Organizational Change (Holt, Armenakis, Feild & Harris)
A 25-item measure of organizational change readiness across four facets: appropriateness, management support, change efficacy, and personal valence. Predicts change implementation success.
Source: Holt, D. T., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Harris, S. G. (2007): Readiness for organizational change: The systematic development of a scale. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 232–255.
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Reading, Love of (HPI: Reading HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Reading, Love of" and target/key label "HPI: Reading HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Reading, Love of (ORAIS: Reading))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Reading, Love of" and target/key label "ORAIS: Reading)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Rebelliousness (TCI: NS4))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Rebelliousness" and target/key label "TCI: NS4)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Recklessness (TCI: NS2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Recklessness" and target/key label "TCI: NS2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Reclusiveness (6FPQ: IP1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Reclusiveness" and target/key label "6FPQ: IP1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Reclusiveness (ORAIS: Being Alone))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Reclusiveness" and target/key label "ORAIS: Being Alone)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Recognize organizational differences
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Lavie et al. (2012): Organizational Differences, Relational Mechanisms, and Alliance Performance. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 33, No. 13, pp. 1453–1479
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Recovery Experience Questionnaire (REQ, Sonnentag & Fritz)
A 16-item measure of four recovery experiences during off-job time: psychological detachment, relaxation, mastery, and control. Used widely in occupational-health research on recovery from work strain.
Source: Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2007): The Recovery Experience Questionnaire: Development and validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 204–221.
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Recruiting and selection for flexible employees
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Flynn/Flynn (1999): Information-Processing Alternatives for Coping with Manufacturing Environment Complexity. Decision Sciences, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 1021-1052.
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Recruitment Website Attractiveness (Allen, Mahto & Otondo)
A multi-item measure of perceived attractiveness of an organization's recruitment website — usability, information richness, and aesthetic appeal — and its effect on applicant attraction.
Source: Allen, D. G., Mahto, R. V., & Otondo, R. F. (2007): Web-based recruitment: Effects of information, organizational brand, and attitudes toward a website on applicant attraction. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 92, No. 6, pp. 1696–1708.
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References
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: See the Wikibooks scale page for source and notes.
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Referral
The scale has previously been used by Price/Arnould (1999) and Cahill (2006).
Source: Wallenburg (2009): Innovation in logistics outsourcing relationships: proactive improvement by logistics service providers as a driver of customer loyalty. Journal of Supply Chain Management, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 75–93.
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Reflection (AB5C: V+/II+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Reflection" and target/key label "AB5C: V+/II+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Regulatory Focus Questionnaire (RFQ, Higgins)
An 11-item measure of two motivational systems: promotion focus (eager pursuit of gains) and prevention focus (vigilant avoidance of losses). Foundational measure in Higgins's regulatory-focus theory.
Source: Higgins, E. T., Friedman, R. S., Harlow, R. E., Idson, L. C., Ayduk, O. N., & Taylor, A. (2001): Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 3–23.
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Relational capital
A previously multi-item 7-point scale was used. It was further pretested with six logistics researchers and six executive managers of logistics service providers to ensure face validity.
Source: Raue, J.S. & Wieland, A. (2015): The Interplay of Different Types of Governance in Horizontal Cooperations. The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 401–423
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Relational commitment
To measure the construct, the authors relied on scale items previously used by Cullen et al. (1995), Kale et al. (2000), McEvily & Marcus (2005), and Sarkar et al. (2001).
Source: Handley/Benton (2009): Unlocking the business outsourcing process model. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 344–361.
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Relational commitment
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Relational embeddedness entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Relational embeddedness. Verify the original source before field use.
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Relational embeddedness
To measure the construct, the authors relied on scale items previously used by Kale et al. (2000), and McEvily & Marcus (2005).
Source: Lavie et al. (2012): Organizational Differences, Relational Mechanisms, and Alliance Performance. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 33, No. 13, pp. 1453–1479
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Relational identification
Based on different field samples, new measurements are developed for relational identification and collective identification, as two types of group identification (= employee identification developed in organizational workgroups).
Source: Zhang et al. (2014): Relational Versus Collective Identification Within Workgroups: Conceptualization, Measurement Development, and Nomological Network Building. Journal of Management, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 1700–1731
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Relational identification
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Collective identification entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Collective identification. Verify the original source before field use.
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Relational transparency
Scales were developed and validated for four dimensions of authentic leadership: self-awareness, relational transparency, internalized moral perspective, balanced processing.
Source: Walumbwa et al. (2008): Authentic Leadership: Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Measure? Journal of Management, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 89–126
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Relational transparency
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Self-awareness entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Self-awareness. Verify the original source before field use.
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Relationship Insecurity (CAT-PD: Relationship Insecurity))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Relationship Insecurity" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Relationship Insecurity)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Relationship management
The authors follow a two-phased approach to develop multi-item scales that measure dimensions of service orientation in the context of business-to-business e-commerce. Service orientation was conceptualized as a third-order construct compri…
Source: Oliveira/Roth (2012): Service orientation: The derivation of underlying constructs and measures. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 156-190.
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Relationship management
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Market acuity entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Market acuity. Verify the original source before field use.
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Relationship satisfaction (PN-SMD)
The "positive and negative semantic dimensions of relationship satisfaction" scale uses a special way of measuring relationship satisfaction. While many relationship scales treat positive and negative attitudes as polar opposites, this migh…
Source: Mattson, R. E., Rogge, R. D., Johnson, M. D., Davidson, E. K. B., & Fincham, F. D. (2013). The positive and negative semantic dimensions of relationship satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 20 , 328-355.
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Reliable and financially strong company
Based on a comprehensive scale development and validation procedure, the authors find support for a five-dimensional scale to measure customer-based corporate reputation of a service firm: customer orientation, good employer, reliable and f…
Source: Walsh & Beatty (2007): Customer-based Corporate Reputation of a Service Firm: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 127-143.
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Religious Commitment Inventory (RCI-10)
A 10-item measure of religious commitment with two subscales: intrapersonal (private religious activity, beliefs) and interpersonal (engagement with religious community). Used widely in cross-cultural and MENA contexts.
Source: Worthington, E. L. Jr., Wade, N. G., Hight, T. L., Ripley, J. S., McCullough, M. E., Berry, J. W., Schmitt, M. M., Berry, J. T., Bursley, K. H., & O'Connor, L. (2003): The Religious Commitment Inventory–10: Development, refinement, and validation of a brief scale for research and counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 84–96.
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Religious Orientation Scale (ROS, Allport & Ross)
A 20-item measure of religious orientation: intrinsic religiosity (faith as end in itself) and extrinsic religiosity (faith as means to other ends).
Source: Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967): Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 432–443.
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Religiousness/Spirituality (ORAIS: Religious/Spiritual Practices))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Religiousness/Spirituality" and target/key label "ORAIS: Religious/Spiritual Practices)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Religiousness/Spirituality (VIA: Spi))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Religiousness/Spirituality" and target/key label "VIA: Spi)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Repatriation Adjustment
A multi-item measure of an expatriate's psychological and work-related adjustment when returning to their home country, including general life, social interactions, and work role. Captures the often-overlooked reverse-culture-shock phase.
Source: Black, J. S., Gregersen, H. B., & Mendenhall, M. E. (1992): Toward a theoretical framework of repatriation adjustment. Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 737–760.
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Research Self-Efficacy (Phillips & Russell)
A 33-item measure of an individual's confidence in performing tasks involved in conducting research, including conceptualization, design, statistics, ethics, and writing. Designed for graduate students and early-career researchers.
Source: Phillips, J. C., & Russell, R. K. (1994): Research self-efficacy, the research training environment, and research productivity among graduate students in counseling psychology. Counseling Psychologist, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 628–641.
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Reserve (16PF: N))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Reserve" and target/key label "16PF: N)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Resilience (BRCS)
Resilience is the ability to cope with difficulties. The term resilience is often used in the medical world to describe patients' coping ability. Windle and colleagues (2011) wrote a great review paper about resilience scales, and concluded…
Source: Sinclair, V. G., & Wallston, K.A. (2004). The development and psychometric evaluation of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale. Assessment, 11 (1) , 94-101. | Smith, B.W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Chistopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 15 , 194-200. | Windle, G., Bennett, K.M., & Noyes, J. (2011). A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 9:8. Get this open access article .
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Resilience (BRS)
Resilience is the ability to cope with difficulties. The term resilience is often used in the medical world to describe patients' coping ability. Windle and colleagues (2011) wrote a great review paper about resilience scales, and concluded…
Source: Smith, B.W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P. and Bernard, J. (2008). The Brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the Ability to Bounce Back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine,15 , 194-200. | Smith, B.W., Epstein, E.E., Oritz, J.A., Christopher, P.K., & Tooley, E.M. (2013). The Foundations of Resilience: What are the critical resources for bouncing back from stress? In Prince-Embury, S. & Saklofske, D.H. (Eds.), Resilience in children, adolescents, and adults: Translating research into practice , The Springer series on human exceptionality (pp. 167-187). New York, NY: Springer. | Windle, G., Bennett, K.M., & Noyes, J. (2011). A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 9:8. Get this open access article .
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Resistance to Change (Oreg)
A 17-item measure of dispositional resistance to change with four sub-dimensions: routine seeking, emotional reaction, short-term focus, and cognitive rigidity.
Source: Oreg, S. (2003): Resistance to change: Developing an individual differences measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88, No. 4, pp. 680–693.
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Resource flexibility in employee skills and behaviors
Based on a thorough scale development and validation process, the authors present a multidimensional measure of the HR flexibility construct. It includes five dimensions: resource flexibility in HR practices, resource flexibility in employe…
Source: Way, S. A., Tracey, J. B., Fay, C. H., Wright, P. M., Snell, S. A., Chang, S., & Gong, Y. (2015). Validation of a multidimensional HR flexibility measure. Journal of Management, 41(4), 1098-1131.
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Resource flexibility in HR practices
Based on a thorough scale development and validation process, the authors present a multidimensional measure of the HR flexibility construct. It includes five dimensions: resource flexibility in HR practices, resource flexibility in employe…
Source: Way, S. A., Tracey, J. B., Fay, C. H., Wright, P. M., Snell, S. A., Chang, S., & Gong, Y. (2015). Validation of a multidimensional HR flexibility measure. Journal of Management, 41(4), 1098-1131.
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Resource reconfiguration
Four items were used to measure resource configuration. These items were adapted from Wei & Wang (2010), Helfat et al. (2007), Marsh & Stock (2006) and Zahra et al. (2006).
Source: Ambulkar/Blackhurst/Grawe (2015): Firm’s resilience to supply chain disruptions: Scale development and empirical examination. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 33–34, pp. 111–122
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Resourcefulness (6FPQ: IT2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Resourcefulness" and target/key label "6FPQ: IT2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Resourcefulness (TCI: S3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Resourcefulness" and target/key label "TCI: S3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Response uncertainty
An important contribution to the literature on perceived environmental uncertainty (PEU) is Milliken's (1987) distinction between state uncertainty, effect uncertainty, and response uncertainty. Using a two-phase empirical study, this resea…
Source: Ashill/Jobber (2010): Measuring State, Effect, and Response Uncertainty: Theoretical Construct Development and Empirical Validation. Journal of Management, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 1278-1308.
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Response uncertainty
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Effect uncertainty entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Effect uncertainty. Verify the original source before field use.
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Responsibility (CPI: Re))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Responsibility" and target/key label "CPI: Re)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Responsibility (JPI: Rsy))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Responsibility" and target/key label "JPI: Rsy)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Responsible AI Use at Work
An 8-item measure of the extent to which employees use AI tools in ways that align with ethical principles (transparency, fairness, accountability, data privacy). Captures both behavioural intention and reported behaviour and is intended fo…
Source: Mikalef, P., Conboy, K., Lundström, J. E., & Popovič, A. (2022): Thinking responsibly about responsible AI and 'the dark side' of AI. European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 257–268.
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Responsive Distress (Barchard, 2001))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Responsive Distress" and target/key label "Barchard, 2001)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Responsive Joy (Barchard, 2001))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Responsive Joy" and target/key label "Barchard, 2001)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Responsiveness
In order to improve operationalization and psychometric properties, a market orientation scale (MARKOR) taken from Kohli et al. (1993) is modified. The resulting market orientation scale (MO) has three dimensions: intelligence generation, i…
Source: Matsuno et al. (2000): A Refinement and Validation of the MARKOR Scale. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 527-539
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Responsiveness
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Organizational responsiveness entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Organizational responsiveness. Verify the original source before field use.
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Retention
The scale has previously been used by Homburg et al. (2003) and Cahill (2006).
Source: Wallenburg (2009): Innovation in logistics outsourcing relationships: proactive improvement by logistics service providers as a driver of customer loyalty. Journal of Supply Chain Management, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 75–93.
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Revised Self-Leadership Questionnaire (RSLQ, Houghton & Neck)
A 35-item measure of self-leadership across nine facets grouped into three dimensions: behaviour-focused strategies, natural reward strategies, and constructive thought patterns. Used widely in entrepreneurship and personal-effectiveness re…
Source: Houghton, J. D., & Neck, C. P. (2002): The revised self-leadership questionnaire: Testing a hierarchical factor structure for self-leadership. Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 17, No. 8, pp. 672–691.
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Reward system
The authors follow a two-phased approach to develop multi-item scales that measure dimensions of service orientation in the context of business-to-business e-commerce. Service orientation was conceptualized as a third-order construct compri…
Source: Oliveira/Roth (2012): Service orientation: The derivation of underlying constructs and measures. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 156-190.
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Reward system
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Human capital entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Human capital. Verify the original source before field use.
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Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA, Altemeyer)
A 20-item (or short forms) measure of authoritarian submission, conventionalism, and authoritarian aggression. The dominant authoritarianism measure in political and social psychology.
Source: Altemeyer, B. (2006): The Authoritarians. Winnipeg, MB: University of Manitoba.
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Rigidity (CAT-PD: Rigidity))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Rigidity" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Rigidity)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Risk and reward sharing
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Min/Mentzer (2004): Developing and measuring supply chain management concepts. Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 63-99.
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Risk aversion
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Firm risk preference entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Firm risk preference. Verify the original source before field use.
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Risk management infrastructure
A new scale was developed to measure risk management infrastructure. A substantive validity test was used for scale purification.
Source: Ambulkar/Blackhurst/Grawe (2015): Firm’s resilience to supply chain disruptions: Scale development and empirical examination. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 33–34, pp. 111–122
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Risk Propensity Scale (RPS)
Some people are more likely to take risks than others. Some people might even enjoy taking risks. The RPS measures people's general tendency to take risks. The questionnaire has only 7 items and can be filled quickly.
Source: Meertens, R. M. & Lion, R. (2008). Measuring an Individual’s Tendency to Take Risks: The Risk Propensity Scale. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38 (6) , 1506-1520.
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Risk-avoidance (MPQ: HA))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Risk-avoidance" and target/key label "MPQ: HA)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking/Thrill-Seeking (BAS-Fun-seeking: Carver & White, 1994))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking/Thrill-Seeking" and target/key label "BAS-Fun-seeking: Carver & White, 1994)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking/Thrill-Seeking (Calculated Thrill-seeking: Hoyle et al., 2002))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking/Thrill-Seeking" and target/key label "Calculated Thrill-seeking: Hoyle et al., 2002)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking/Thrill-Seeking (CAT-PD: Risk Taking))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking/Thrill-Seeking" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Risk Taking)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking/Thrill-Seeking (Dangerous Thrill-seeking: Hoyle et al., 2002))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking/Thrill-Seeking" and target/key label "Dangerous Thrill-seeking: Hoyle et al., 2002)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking/Thrill-Seeking (HPI: Thrill-seeking HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking/Thrill-Seeking" and target/key label "HPI: Thrill-seeking HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking/Thrill-Seeking (Impulsive Thrill-seeking: Hoyle et al., 2002))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking/Thrill-Seeking" and target/key label "Impulsive Thrill-seeking: Hoyle et al., 2002)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking/Thrill-Seeking (JPI: Rkt))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking/Thrill-Seeking" and target/key label "JPI: Rkt)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Robustness
Two dimensions of resilience were identified: agility and robustness.
Source: Wieland/Wallenburg (2013): The Influence of Relational Competencies on Supply Chain Resilience: A Relational View. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 300-320.
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Robustness
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Agility entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Agility. Verify the original source before field use.
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Rokeach Value Survey (RVS)
A ranking-based measure of 18 terminal values (end-states) and 18 instrumental values (modes of conduct). Foundational values measure, predating Schwartz.
Source: Rokeach, M. (1973): The Nature of Human Values. The Free Press.
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Role ambiguity
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Atuahene-Gima/Li (2002): When does trust matter? Antecedents and contingent effects of supervisee trust on performance in selling new products in China and the United States. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 61-81. Previously used by Singh/Rhoads (1991).
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Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity (Rizzo, House & Lirtzman)
A 14-item measure with two subscales: 8 items for role conflict (incompatible expectations) and 6 items for role ambiguity (unclear expectations). The most widely used scale of role-stressor research and a foundational instrument in the JD-…
Source: Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. I. (1970): Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 150–163.
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Role model
Drawing on social support theory and using data from two samples of lower wage workers, the authors develop and validate a measure of family supportive supervisor behaviors (FSSB). FSSB is conceptualized as a multidimensional superordinate …
Source: Hammer et al. (2009): Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measure of Family Supportive Supervisor Behaviors (FSSB). Journal of Management, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 837-856.
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Role Overload (Reilly)
A 5-item measure of perceived role overload — the feeling that one has too many responsibilities and too little time to fulfil them. Sits alongside role conflict and ambiguity in the role-stressor triad.
Source: Reilly, M. D. (1982): Working wives and convenience consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 407–418.
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Romance, Interest in (ORAIS: Romance))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Romance, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Romance)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Romantic Disinterest (CAT-PD: Romantic Disinterest))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Romantic Disinterest" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Romantic Disinterest)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Romanticism (TCI: ST2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Romanticism" and target/key label "TCI: ST2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES)
Self esteem is one's own feeling of worthyness. In the 1960s, Rosenberg developed a 10 item scale to measure it (Rosenberg, 1965). There is an alternative scale in the survey library as well, namely the State Self Esteem Scale . This 10-ite…
Source: http://www.socy.umd.edu/quick-links/rosenberg-self-esteem-scale [Detailed description of scale at the University of Maryland, where Professor Rosenberg worked.[ | The scale description and a statement about its use . | Robins, R.W., Hendin, H.M., and Trzesniewski, K.H. (2001). Measuring Global Self-Esteem: Construct Validation of a Single-Item Measure and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27 , 151-161. | Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. | Rosenberg, M. (1989). Society and the adolescent self- image . Revised edition. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
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Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES)
A 10-item global self-esteem measure — the most widely used self-esteem scale in psychology and OB. Five positively-worded and five negatively-worded items.
Source: Rosenberg, M. (1965): Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press.
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Rudeness (CAT-PD: Rudeness))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Rudeness" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Rudeness)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Rumination (HPI: Impression Management HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Rumination" and target/key label "HPI: Impression Management HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Rumination Response Scale (RRS)
Rumination is the process of "compulsively focused attention on the symptoms of one's distress, and on its possible causes and consequences, as opposed to its solutions" (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1998). This process has been studied by the late Susa…
Source: Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive Symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109 , 504–511. | Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Larson, J., & Grayson, C. (1999). Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77 , 1061–1072. | Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R. and Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27 , 247-259.
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Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS-22)
A 22-item measure of ruminative response style — repetitive, passive thinking about depressive symptoms and their causes/consequences. Predicts depression onset and chronicity.
Source: Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991): A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 115–121.
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Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scales
A 42-item (or 18- and 84-item versions) measure of six dimensions of eudaimonic well-being: autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance.
Source: Ryff, C. D. (1989): Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 1069–1081.
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Safety Behaviour (Neal & Griffin)
A 6-item measure of safety behaviour with two subscales: safety compliance (following safety rules) and safety participation (proactive safety behaviours).
Source: Neal, A., & Griffin, M. A. (2006): A study of the lagged relationships among safety climate, safety motivation, safety behavior, and accidents at the individual and group levels. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 91, No. 4, pp. 946–953.
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Safety Climate (Healthcare-specific)
A multi-item measure of patient-safety climate in healthcare organizations — leadership commitment, error reporting culture, communication openness, and teamwork.
Source: Sexton, J. B., Helmreich, R. L., Neilands, T. B., Rowan, K., Vella, K., Boyden, J., Roberts, P. R., & Thomas, E. J. (2006): The Safety Attitudes Questionnaire: Psychometric properties, benchmarking data, and emerging research. BMC Health Services Research, Vol. 6, Article 44.
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Safety Climate (Zohar)
A 16-item measure of safety climate covering organization-level and group-level safety priorities. Foundational measure in occupational-safety research.
Source: Zohar, D. (2000): A group-level model of safety climate: Testing the effect of group climate on micro-accidents in manufacturing jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 587–596.
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Sales Call Anxiety (Verbeke & Bagozzi)
A multi-item measure of anxiety experienced during sales calls — including pre-call apprehension, in-call discomfort, and post-call rumination.
Source: Verbeke, W., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2000): Sales call anxiety: Exploring what it means when fear rules a sales encounter. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 88–101.
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Sales performance
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Atuahene-Gima/Li (2002): When does trust matter? Antecedents and contingent effects of supervisee trust on performance in selling new products in China and the United States. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 61-81. Previously used by Sujan et al. (1994).
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Salesperson Burnout (Singh)
A multi-item measure of burnout specific to salespeople — emotional exhaustion, depersonalization of customers, and reduced sense of effectiveness in selling.
Source: Singh, J., Goolsby, J. R., & Rhoads, G. K. (1994): Behavioral and psychological consequences of boundary spanning burnout for customer service representatives. Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 558–569.
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Salesperson Performance (Behrman & Perreault)
A 30-item measure of salesperson performance across five domains: technical knowledge, adaptability, teamwork, sales presentations, and sales planning.
Source: Behrman, D. N., & Perreault, W. D. (1982): Measuring the performance of industrial salespersons. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 355–370.
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Satisfaction (TCI: S1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Satisfaction" and target/key label "TCI: S1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Satisfaction with life scale (SWLS)
A part of subjective well-being and happyness is how satisfied people are with their life. The Satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) measures this. It is a short 5-item scale. On the SWLS website , the scale is defined as follows: "The SWLS i…
Source: Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49 , 71-75. | Pavot, W. G., Diener, E., Colvin, C. R., & Sandvik, E. (1991). Further validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of well-being measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57 , 149-161. | Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Psychological Assessment, 5 , 164-172. | Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2008). The Satisfaction With Life Scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. Journal of Positive Psychology, 3 , 137–152
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Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS, Diener)
A 5-item measure of global life satisfaction. The most widely used measure of subjective well-being and the cognitive component of subjective well-being in the broader Diener framework.
Source: Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985): The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 71–75.
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Satisfaction with love life scale (SWLLS)
Love is one of the most important human emotions, and therefore it is of no surprise that psychologists study love. That said, my personal impression is that love gets less attention than it deserves in psychology. One important point is th…
Source: Neto, F. (2005). The Satisfaction With Love Life Scale. Measurement and evaluation in counseling and development, 38 , 2-13.
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Saudi/Gulf Work Values
A multi-item measure of work values salient in Saudi Arabia and the broader Gulf — including respect for elders, family priority, religious observance, and group harmony.
Source: Atiyyah, H. S. (1999): Public organizations in the Arab world: Bureaucracy and beyond. International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 9, No. 3/4, pp. 31–58.
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Saudization / Emiratization Perceptions
A multi-item measure of employee and HR-manager perceptions of Saudization (or Emiratization, Omanization) — national workforce-localization policies in GCC states. Captures perceived effectiveness, fairness, and impact on hiring and retent…
Source: Aldossari, M., & Robertson, M. (2016): The role of wasta in repatriates' perceptions of a breach to the psychological contract: A Saudi Arabian case study. International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 27, No. 16, pp. 1854–1873.
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Saving Inventory-Revised (SI-R)
A 23-item measure of hoarding symptoms across three factors: difficulty discarding, excessive acquisition, and clutter.
Source: Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Grisham, J. (2004): Measurement of compulsive hoarding: Saving Inventory-Revised. Behaviour Research and Therapy, Vol. 42, No. 10, pp. 1163–1182.
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Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE)
There are many different ways to describe how you feel . Surely, you will know if your feelings are positive or nagative . This is considered an important dimention, and there are various scales to measure this. One is the well known PANAS,…
Source: Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi. D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2009). New measures of well-being: Flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 39 , 247-266. Online available here .
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Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE)
A 12-item measure with 6 positive and 6 negative feelings to assess subjective affective well-being over the past four weeks.
Source: Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010): New well-being measures. Social Indicators Research, Vol. 97, pp. 143–156.
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Schedule flexibility
The authors develop and validate a 16-item measure of i-deals negotiated by job incumbents across four content domains: task and work responsibilities, schedule flexibility, location flexibility and financial incentives.
Source: Rosen et al. (2013): Let’s Make a Deal: Development and Validation of the Ex Post I-Deals Scale. Journal of Management, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 709–742
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Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ)
A 74-item measure of schizotypal personality across nine subscales mapped to DSM schizotypal personality disorder criteria. SPQ-Brief (22 items) is the popular short form.
Source: Raine, A. (1991): The SPQ: A scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R criteria. Schizophrenia Bulletin, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 555–564.
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School Engagement Measure (Fredricks)
A 19-item measure of school engagement across three subscales: behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement.
Source: Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004): School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research, Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 59–109.
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Schwartz Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-21)
A 21-item measure of Schwartz's 10 basic human values: power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, security. Used in 200+ countries (European Social Survey).
Source: Schwartz, S. H. (2003): A proposal for measuring value orientations across nations. Questionnaire Package of the European Social Survey, pp. 259–290.
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Schwartz Refined Values Questionnaire (PVQ-RR)
A 57-item measure of Schwartz's refined theory with 19 values that more finely partition the original 10. Validated in over 50 countries.
Source: Schwartz, S. H., Cieciuch, J., Vecchione, M., Davidov, E., Fischer, R., Beierlein, C., Ramos, A., Verkasalo, M., Lönnqvist, J.-E., Demirutku, K., Dirilen-Gumus, O., & Konty, M. (2012): Refining the theory of basic individual values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 103, No. 4, pp. 663–688.
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Science Interest (ORVIS: Analysis))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Science Interest" and target/key label "ORVIS: Analysis)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Score keeping
The authors measured performance measurement system (PMS) use for attention focusing and score keeping with the scales of Vandenbosch (1999).
Source: Bühler/Wallenburg/Wieland (2016): Accounting for External Turbulence of Logistics Organizations via Performance Measurement Systems. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 21, No. 6
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Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED)
A 41-item self- and parent-report screener for child anxiety disorders mapped to DSM categories: panic/somatic, generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, social anxiety, and school avoidance.
Source: Birmaher, B., Khetarpal, S., Brent, D., Cully, M., Balach, L., Kaufman, J., & Neer, S. M. (1997): The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 545–553.
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Search for new technologies
The authors identify improvement and innovation as two critical plant level capabilities. These capabilities are each conceptualized as a second-order factor and measured through a distinct bundle of routines. The following routines underly…
Source: Peng et al. (2008): Linking routines to operations capabilities: A new perspective. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 730-748.
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Security (CPI: Lp))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Security" and target/key label "CPI: Lp)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Security (HPI: Good Attachment HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Security" and target/key label "HPI: Good Attachment HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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See various performance-related scales in the Handbook of Management Scales.
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Buyer's knowledge of supplier's past performance entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Buyer's knowledge of supplier's past performance. Verify the original source before field use.
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Segmenting / Integrating Boundary Style
A multi-item measure of preferred work–nonwork boundary style across a continuum from segmenting (clear separation) to integrating (overlapping work and nonwork).
Source: Methot, J. R., & LePine, J. A. (2016): Too close for comfort? Investigating the nature and functioning of work and non-work role segmentation preferences. Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 103–123.
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Selection for teamwork potential
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Flynn et al. (1994): A framework for quality management research and an associated measurement instrument. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 339-366.
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Self-acceptance (HPI: No Guilt HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-acceptance" and target/key label "HPI: No Guilt HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-acceptance (TCI: S4))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-acceptance" and target/key label "TCI: S4)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-Attributed Need for Uniqueness (SANU)
A 4-item measure of the dispositional desire to be different from others — a foundational individual-difference variable in consumer behaviour and conformity research.
Source: Lynn, M., & Harris, J. (1997): The desire for unique consumer products: A new individual differences scale. Psychology & Marketing, Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 601–616.
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Self-awareness
Scales were developed and validated for four dimensions of authentic leadership: self-awareness, relational transparency, internalized moral perspective, balanced processing.
Source: Walumbwa et al. (2008): Authentic Leadership: Development and Validation of a Theory-Based Measure? Journal of Management, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 89–126
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Self-awareness
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Balanced processing entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Balanced processing. Verify the original source before field use.
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Self-Awareness Scale (Sutton)
A 12-item measure of dispositional self-awareness across two factors: reflection (engagement in self-examination) and rumination (compulsive self-focus).
Source: Sutton, A. (2016): Measuring the effects of self-awareness: Construction of the Self-Awareness Outcomes Questionnaire. Europe's Journal of Psychology, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 645–658.
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Self-Compassion Scale (SCS, Neff)
A 26-item measure of self-compassion across six subscales: self-kindness, self-judgement, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness, and over-identification.
Source: Neff, K. D. (2003): The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 223–250.
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Self-Concept Clarity Scale (SCCS, Campbell)
A 12-item measure of self-concept clarity — the extent to which self-beliefs are clearly and confidently defined, internally consistent, and stable.
Source: Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, I. M., Lavallee, L. F., & Lehman, D. R. (1996): Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 141–156.
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Self-confidence (HPI: Self-Confidence HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-confidence" and target/key label "HPI: Self-Confidence HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-consciousness (NEO: N4))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-consciousness" and target/key label "NEO: N4)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-consciousness scale (revised version)
Self consciousness is in essence self-reflection. Some people reflect more on themselves than others, and the popular self-consciousness scale measures this. The revised version used here changed the original one so that the language used i…
Source: Scheier, M. F. & Carver, C. S. (1985). The self-consciousnes scale - a revised version for use with general populations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15, 687-699. | Download the the original scale here from Scheier's webpage .
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Self-Construal Scale (Cross, Bacon & Morris RISC)
An 11-item measure of relational-interdependent self-construal — defining the self in terms of close relationships. Distinct from collectivist interdependence which centres on groups.
Source: Cross, S. E., Bacon, P. L., & Morris, M. L. (2000): The relational-interdependent self-construal and relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 78, No. 4, pp. 791–808.
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Self-Construal Scale (Hardin, Leong & Bhagwat)
A 36-item measure of self-construal with six facets across both independent and interdependent: autonomy, individualism, behavioural consistency, primacy of self, esteem for group, and relational interdependence.
Source: Hardin, E. E., Leong, F. T. L., & Bhagwat, A. A. (2004): Factor structure of the Self-Construal Scale revisited. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 327–345.
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Self-Construal Scale (Singelis)
A 24-item measure of independent (12) and interdependent (12) self-construal — culturally varying ways of defining the self in relation to others.
Source: Singelis, T. M. (1994): The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 580–591.
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Self-Control in Exercise (SCQ)
A multi-item measure of self-control in maintaining exercise routines — resisting temptations to skip, planning around obstacles, and persistence through fatigue.
Source: Marcus, B. H., Selby, V. C., Niaura, R. S., & Rossi, J. S. (1992): Self-efficacy and the stages of exercise behavior change. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 60–66.
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Self-control/Self-regulation (CPI: Sc))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-control/Self-regulation" and target/key label "CPI: Sc)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-control/Self-regulation (VIA: Sel))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-control/Self-regulation" and target/key label "VIA: Sel)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-deception (BIDR: Paulhus, 1991))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-deception" and target/key label "BIDR: Paulhus, 1991)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-determination
Based on a thorough scale development and validation process, the author presents a multidimensional measure of psychological empowerment in the workplace. It consists of four dimensions: meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact.
Source: Spreitzer (1995): Psychological Empowerment in the Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 1442–1465
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Self-Determination Scale (Sheldon, Ryan & Reis)
A 10-item measure of dispositional self-determination across two subscales: awareness of self and perceived choice in one's actions.
Source: Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R., & Reis, H. T. (1996): What makes for a good day? Competence and autonomy in the day and in the person. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 22, No. 12, pp. 1270–1279.
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Self-Directed Search (SDS, Holland)
A self-administered measure of Holland's RIASEC vocational-interest model. The most cited operationalization of the RIASEC framework.
Source: Holland, J. L. (1985): Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments (2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall.
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Self-discipline (CPI: Leo))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-discipline" and target/key label "CPI: Leo)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-discipline (HPI: Moralistic HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-discipline" and target/key label "HPI: Moralistic HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-Discipline (NEO conscientiousness facet)
An 8-item subscale of conscientiousness measuring self-discipline — the ability to begin tasks and carry them through to completion despite boredom or distractions.
Source: Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992): NEO-PI-R Professional Manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.
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Self-discipline (NEO: C5))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-discipline" and target/key label "NEO: C5)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-disclosure (AB5C: I+/III-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-disclosure" and target/key label "AB5C: I+/III-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-disclosure (TCI: RD3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-disclosure" and target/key label "TCI: RD3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-efficacy (CPI: In))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-efficacy" and target/key label "CPI: In)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-efficacy (NEO: C1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-efficacy" and target/key label "NEO: C1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-efficacy (TCI: HA4-reflected))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-efficacy" and target/key label "TCI: HA4-reflected)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-esteem (Self-Esteem: Rosenberg, 1965))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-esteem" and target/key label "Self-Esteem: Rosenberg, 1965)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-Handicapping Scale (SHS)
A 25-item measure of dispositional self-handicapping — the tendency to create obstacles to one's own performance to protect self-esteem.
Source: Rhodewalt, F., Saltzman, A. T., & Wittmer, J. (1984): Self-handicapping among competitive athletes: The role of practice in self-esteem protection. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 197–209.
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Self-harm (CAT-PD: Self Harm))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-harm" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Self Harm)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-improvement, Interest in (ORAIS: Self-Improvement)
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-improvement, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Self-Improvement".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-Leadership Culture (Manz & Sims SuperLeadership)
A multi-item measure of an organizational culture that supports self-leadership — encouragement of self-initiative, self-reward, and self-correction by leaders ('SuperLeaders').
Source: Manz, C. C., & Sims, H. P. (2001): The new SuperLeadership: Leading others to lead themselves. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
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Self-Leadership Questionnaire (SLQ, Anderson & Prussia)
A 50-item original measure of self-leadership across Manz's three strategy categories. The first comprehensive operationalization of self-leadership theory, predating the RSLQ.
Source: Anderson, J. S., & Prussia, G. E. (1997): The self-leadership questionnaire: Preliminary assessment of construct validity. Journal of Leadership Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 119–143.
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Self-monitoring (Self-Monitoring: Snyder, 1974))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-monitoring" and target/key label "Self-Monitoring: Snyder, 1974)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-Monitoring Scale (Lennox & Wolfe Revised)
A 13-item revised self-monitoring measure with two factors: ability to modify self-presentation and sensitivity to expressive behaviour of others. Improves psychometrics over Snyder's original.
Source: Lennox, R. D., & Wolfe, R. N. (1984): Revision of the self-monitoring scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 1349–1364.
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Self-Monitoring Scale (SMS, Snyder)
An 18-item measure of self-monitoring — the extent to which people observe and regulate their expressive behaviour and self-presentation in social situations.
Source: Snyder, M., & Gangestad, S. (1986): On the nature of self-monitoring: Matters of assessment, matters of validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 125–139.
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Self-Reflection and Insight Scale (SRIS)
A 20-item measure with two subscales: self-reflection (12 items, examination of one's thoughts/feelings) and self-insight (8 items, clarity of self-understanding).
Source: Grant, A. M., Franklin, J., & Langford, P. (2002): The Self-Reflection and Insight Scale: A new measure of private self-consciousness. Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 30, No. 8, pp. 821–836.
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Self-regulation/Self-control (CPI: Sc))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-regulation/Self-control" and target/key label "CPI: Sc)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-regulation/Self-control (VIA: Sel))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-regulation/Self-control" and target/key label "VIA: Sel)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Self-Stigma of Seeking Help (SSOSH)
A 10-item measure of self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help — the perceived loss of self-esteem from acknowledging the need for help.
Source: Vogel, D. L., Wade, N. G., & Haake, S. (2006): Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 325–337.
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Self-sufficiency (6FPQ: IP3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Self-sufficiency" and target/key label "6FPQ: IP3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Selling Orientation - Customer Orientation (SOCO)
A 24-item measure of salesperson customer orientation vs. selling orientation. Foundational measure in sales-management research.
Source: Saxe, R., & Weitz, B. A. (1982): The SOCO scale: A measure of the customer orientation of salespeople. Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 343–351.
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Sensation seeking (AISS)
Sensation seeking is a psychological trait characterized by a search for intense and novel experiences. Marvin Zukerman is one of the first psychologists looking into this concept in great detail. Zukerman developed a scale (Sensation Seeki…
Source: Arnett, J. (1994). Sensation seeking: A new conceptualization and a new scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 16 , 289-296. | Zuckerman, M. (1971). Dimensions of sensation seeking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36 , 45-52. | Zuckerman, M., Eysenck, S. B. G. & Eysenck, H. J. (1978). Sensation seeking in England and America: Cross-cultural, age, and sex comparisons. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46 , 139-149.
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Sensation-Seeking/Risk-taking/Thrill-Seeking (BAS-Fun-seeking: Carver & White, 1994))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sensation-Seeking/Risk-taking/Thrill-Seeking" and target/key label "BAS-Fun-seeking: Carver & White, 1994)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Sensation-Seeking/Risk-taking/Thrill-Seeking (Calculated Thrill-seeking: Hoyle et al., 2002))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sensation-Seeking/Risk-taking/Thrill-Seeking" and target/key label "Calculated Thrill-seeking: Hoyle et al., 2002)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Sensation-Seeking/Risk-taking/Thrill-Seeking (CAT-PD: Risk Taking))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sensation-Seeking/Risk-taking/Thrill-Seeking" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Risk Taking)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Sensation-Seeking/Risk-taking/Thrill-Seeking (Dangerous Thrill-seeking: Hoyle et al., 2002))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sensation-Seeking/Risk-taking/Thrill-Seeking" and target/key label "Dangerous Thrill-seeking: Hoyle et al., 2002)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Sensation-Seeking/Risk-taking/Thrill-Seeking (HPI: Thrill-seeking HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sensation-Seeking/Risk-taking/Thrill-Seeking" and target/key label "HPI: Thrill-seeking HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Sensation-Seeking/Risk-taking/Thrill-Seeking (Impulsive Thrill-seeking: Hoyle et al., 2002))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sensation-Seeking/Risk-taking/Thrill-Seeking" and target/key label "Impulsive Thrill-seeking: Hoyle et al., 2002)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Sensation-Seeking/Risk-taking/Thrill-Seeking (JPI: Rkt))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sensation-Seeking/Risk-taking/Thrill-Seeking" and target/key label "JPI: Rkt)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Sense of Coherence (SOC-13, Antonovsky)
A 13-item measure of sense of coherence — comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness of life. Foundational salutogenic measure.
Source: Antonovsky, A. (1993): The structure and properties of the sense of coherence scale. Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 725–733.
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Sensitivity (16PF: I))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sensitivity" and target/key label "16PF: I)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Sensitivity (HPI: Sensitive HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sensitivity" and target/key label "HPI: Sensitive HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Sentimentality (CPI: Fe))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sentimentality" and target/key label "CPI: Fe)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Sentimentality (HEX: E-Sent))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sentimentality" and target/key label "HEX: E-Sent)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Sentimentality (TCI: RD1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sentimentality" and target/key label "TCI: RD1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Servant Leadership (Liden et al. SL-28)
A 28-item measure of servant leadership across seven dimensions: emotional healing, creating value for the community, conceptual skills, empowering, helping subordinates grow, putting subordinates first, and behaving ethically.
Source: Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H., & Henderson, D. (2008): Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment. Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 161–177.
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Servant Leadership (Liden et al. SL-7)
A 7-item global short form of the Servant Leadership Scale (Liden, Wayne, Zhao & Henderson, 2008), capturing the seven dimensions of servant leadership in a single item each. Useful when scale length is a constraint or for multilevel models…
Source: Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Meuser, J. D., Hu, J., Wu, J., & Liao, C. (2015): Servant leadership: Validation of a short form of the SL-28. Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 254–269.
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Servant Leadership Behaviour Scale (SLBS, Sendjaya)
A 35-item measure of servant leadership across six dimensions: voluntary subordination, authentic self, covenantal relationship, responsible morality, transcendental spirituality, and transforming influence.
Source: Sendjaya, S., Sarros, J. C., & Santora, J. C. (2008): Defining and measuring servant leadership behaviour in organizations. Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp. 402–424.
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Servant Leadership Survey (SLS, Van Dierendonck & Nuijten)
A 30-item measure of servant leadership across eight dimensions: empowerment, accountability, standing back, humility, authenticity, courage, forgiveness (interpersonal acceptance), and stewardship.
Source: Van Dierendonck, D., & Nuijten, I. (2011): The Servant Leadership Survey: Development and validation of a multidimensional measure. Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 249–267.
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Service Climate (Schneider, White & Paul)
A 7-item measure of service climate — shared perception that quality service is supported and rewarded.
Source: Schneider, B., White, S. S., & Paul, M. C. (1998): Linking service climate and customer perceptions of service quality: Test of a causal model. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 83, No. 2, pp. 150–163.
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Service culture
The authors follow a two-phased approach to develop multi-item scales that measure dimensions of service orientation in the context of business-to-business e-commerce. Service orientation was conceptualized as a third-order construct compri…
Source: Oliveira/Roth (2012): Service orientation: The derivation of underlying constructs and measures. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 156-190.
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Service culture
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Leadership entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Leadership. Verify the original source before field use.
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Service processes
The authors follow a two-phased approach to develop multi-item scales that measure dimensions of service orientation in the context of business-to-business e-commerce. Service orientation was conceptualized as a third-order construct compri…
Source: Oliveira/Roth (2012): Service orientation: The derivation of underlying constructs and measures. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 156-190.
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Service processes
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Information and communication technologies implementation entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Information and communication technologies implementation. Verify the original source before field use.
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Service quality
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Boyer/Frohlich (2006): Analysis of Effects of Operational Execution on Repeat Purchasing for Heterogeneous Customer Segments. Production and Operations Management, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 229–242.
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Service Quality (SERVQUAL, Parasuraman, Zeithaml & Berry)
A 22-item paired-questions instrument measuring service quality across five dimensions: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. The original gap-model approach scores the difference between expectations and perceptio…
Source: Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1988): SERVQUAL: A multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Retailing, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 12–40.
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Service Recovery Justice (Tax, Brown & Chandrashekaran)
A multi-item measure of perceived justice during service recovery, applying the procedural/distributive/interactional framework to complaint-handling situations. Used widely in service-marketing research.
Source: Tax, S. S., Brown, S. W., & Chandrashekaran, M. (1998): Customer evaluations of service complaint experiences: Implications for relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 60–76.
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Service standards
The authors follow a two-phased approach to develop multi-item scales that measure dimensions of service orientation in the context of business-to-business e-commerce. Service orientation was conceptualized as a third-order construct compri…
Source: Oliveira/Roth (2012): Service orientation: The derivation of underlying constructs and measures. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 156-190.
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Service standards
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Measurement system entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Measurement system. Verify the original source before field use.
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Service to Others in Sobriety (SOS) questionnaire
Alcoholism is a common form of addiction. Although alcohol is widely available, it is generally considered a harmful substance even when taken in regular small doses. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is a well known organisation helping people wit…
Source: Pagano, M.E., Krentzman, A.R., Onder, C.C., Baryak, J.L., Murphy, J.L., Zywiak, W.H., & Stout, R. L. (2010). Service to Others in Sobriety (SOS). Alcohol Treatment Quarterly, 28 , 111-127. Read this paper online for free . | Pagano, M. E., Krentzman, A. R., Onder, C. C., Baryak, J. L., Zywiak, W. H., & Stout, R. L. (2009). Assessment of service to others in sobriety (SOS). Alcoholism-clinical and experimental research, 33 , 194A-194A. | Pagano, M. E., Kelly, J. F., Scur, M. D., Ionescu, R. A., Stout, R. L., & Post, S. G. (2013). Assessing Youth Participation in AA-Related Helping: Validity of the Service to Others in Sobriety (SOS) Questionnaire in an Adolescent Sample. American Journal on Addictions, 22 , 60-66.
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Service-Oriented OCB (Bettencourt, Gwinner & Meuter)
A 16-item measure of service-oriented OCBs in customer-facing roles across three dimensions: loyalty (advocacy), service delivery (conscientiousness), and participation (improvement).
Source: Bettencourt, L. A., Gwinner, K. P., & Meuter, M. L. (2001): A comparison of attitude, personality, and knowledge predictors of service-oriented organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 86, No. 1, pp. 29–41.
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SERVPERF (Cronin & Taylor)
A 22-item performance-only adaptation of SERVQUAL, removing the expectation items. Often produces equivalent or better validity than the gap-based SERVQUAL.
Source: Cronin, J. J., & Taylor, S. A. (1992): Measuring service quality: A reexamination and extension. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 55–68.
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Set up time reduction
The research takes a step toward clarifying the concept of lean production and develops and validates a multi-dimensional measure of lean production. The 10 distinct dimensions of a lean system are continuous flow, customer involvement, emp…
Source: Shah/Ward (2007): Defining and developing measures of lean production. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 785-805.
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Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ, Fitzgerald)
A 20-item self-report measure of sexual harassment exposure at work across three dimensions: gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion. Behavioural-frequency stem reduces self-labelling bias.
Source: Fitzgerald, L. F., Magley, V. J., Drasgow, F., & Waldo, C. R. (1999): Measuring sexual harassment in the military: The Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ-DoD). Military Psychology, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 243–263.
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SF-12 Health Survey
A 12-item short form of the SF-36, producing physical and mental component summary scores. Widely used in occupational health and population surveys.
Source: Ware, J. E., Kosinski, M., & Keller, S. D. (1996): A 12-item short-form health survey: Construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Medical Care, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 220–233.
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SF-36 Health Survey
A 36-item measure of health-related quality of life across 8 subscales: physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, mental health.
Source: Ware, J. E., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992): The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 473–483.
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Shadow AI Use
A multi-item measure of unauthorized or undisclosed use of AI tools at work — using personal AI accounts for work tasks, hiding AI use from managers, or violating organizational AI policy.
Source: Mallmann, G. L., Maçada, A. C. G., & Eckhardt, A. (2018): We are social: A social influence perspective to investigate Shadow IT usage. Proceedings of the 26th European Conference on Information Systems.
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Shared Leadership (Carson, Tesluk & Marrone)
A network-based measure of shared leadership — the extent to which leadership functions are distributed among team members rather than concentrated in a single leader. Operationalized as network density of leadership ratings.
Source: Carson, J. B., Tesluk, P. E., & Marrone, J. A. (2007): Shared leadership in teams: An investigation of antecedent conditions and performance. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 1217–1234.
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Shareholder-oriented CSR
A multidimensional measure of corporate stakeholder responsibility (CStR) was developed and validated. Hereby, the authors conducted a series of analyses, including exploratory factor analyses, confirmatory factor analyses, and structural e…
Source: El Akremi (201_): How Do Employees Perceive Corporate Responsibility? Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Corporate Stakeholder Responsibility Scale. Journal of Management, Vol. _, No. _, pp. _–_
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Shopping, Interest in (ORAIS: Shopping))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Shopping, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Shopping)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Short 15-item Big Five Inventory (BFI-S)
The BIG 5 is one of the leading models to express the most important dimensions of personality, namely: N euroticism (also known as emotional instability)
Source: Lang, F. R., John, D., Ludtke, O., Schupp, J., & Wagner, G. G. (2011). Short assessment of the Big Five: robust accros survey methods except telephone interviewing. Behavior Research Methods, 43 , 548-567.
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Short Autism Spectrum Quotient
Autism is a mental health condition which is frequently mentioned in the media. No wonder, given that more and more children and adults are diagnosed as being on the autism spectrum. Therefore, it is important to have a short checklist whic…
Source: Allison, C., Auyeung, B., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2012). Toward Brief "Red Flags" for Autism Screening: The Short Autism Spectrum Quotient and the Short Quantitative Checklist in 1,000 Cases and 3,000 Controls. Journal of the American Acad of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(2) , 202-212.
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Short Dark Triad (SD3, Jones & Paulhus)
A 27-item measure of three subclinical dark-personality traits: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy (9 items each). The most cited brief operationalization of the Dark Triad in personality and OB research.
Source: Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014): Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 28–41.
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Short Grit Scale (Grit-S)
The concept "grit" has been made popular by the psychologist Angela Duckworth. It refers to "perseverance and passion for long-term goals" ( Duckworth and Quinn (2009 ). In 2007, Duckworth and colleagues published a 12-item scale and in 200…
Source: Duckworth, A.L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M.D., & Kelly, D.R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9 , 1087-1101. Free download via Research Gate | Duckworth, A.L, & Quinn, P.D. (2009). Development and validation of the Short Grit Scale (Grit- S). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 166-174. Download free PDF
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Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI-18)
An 18-item self-report measure of health anxiety (illness anxiety) across two factors: illness likelihood and negative consequences of illness.
Source: Salkovskis, P. M., Rimes, K. A., Warwick, H. M. C., & Clark, D. M. (2002): The Health Anxiety Inventory: Development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychological Medicine, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 843–853.
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Short Hypermasculinity Values Questionnaire (HVQ)
Hypermasculinity refers to a set of exaggerated beliefs and values about what it means to be a “real man”. These include the idea that men must always be tough, show no emotion, avoid anything considered feminine, and dominate women, especi…
Source: PsyToolkit survey library page with background, links, and references.
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Short Index of Self-Actualization (SISA, Jones & Crandall)
A 15-item brief measure of self-actualization — Maslow's highest level of personal development. Captures autonomy, openness to experience, and self-acceptance.
Source: Jones, A., & Crandall, R. (1986): Validation of a short index of self-actualization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 63–73.
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Short Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE).
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder with five categories of symptoms (for a review see van Os & Kapur, 2009 ): Psychosis (including hallicunations and delusions)
Source: Mason, O., Linney, Y., & Claridge, G. (2005). Short scales for measuring schizotypy. Schizophrenia Research, 78 , 293-296. | van Os, J. & Kapur, S. (2009). Schizophrenia. The Lancet, 374 , 635-645. | Hills, P.J., Eaton, E., & Pake, J.M. (2016). Correlations between psychometric schizotypy, scan path length, fixations on the eyes and face recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69 , 611-625.
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Short revised almost perfect scale (SAPS)
Perfectionism is the psychological trait of wanting to do things perfectly, that is, without making mistakes. This means that a perfectionists sets very high standards and might suffer from disappointment when not reaching the desired level…
Source: K. G. Rice, C. M. E. Richardson, & S. Tueller. (2014). The Short Form of the Revised Almost Perfect Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 96(3) , 368-379. | Psychology Today on perfectionism | Blatt, S. J. (1995). The destructivenes of perfectionism - implications for the treatment of depresion. American Psychologist, 50 , 1003-1020.
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Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SSRQ)
A 31-item measure of generalized self-regulation — the ability to develop, implement, and flexibly maintain planned behaviour in pursuit of goals.
Source: Carey, K. B., Neal, D. J., & Collins, S. E. (2004): A psychometric analysis of the self-regulation questionnaire. Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 253–260.
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Shyness Scale (McCroskey)
Shyness is a form of inhibition and discomfort in the presence of others (for a good overview, see Hopko et al., 2005). Shyness can be observed in children as young as 2 years old (Kagan et al., 1989), and there seems to be a clear biologic…
Source: McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1982). Communication apprehension and shyness: Conceptual and operational distinctions. Central States Speech Journal, 33 , 458-468. | Scale and scoring can be retrieved from McCroskey's website. | Kagan, J., Reznick, J.S., Snidman, N. (1988). Biological basis of childhood shyness. Science, 240 (4849) , 167-171 | Kagan, J., Reznick, J.S., Gibbons, J. (1989). Inhibited and Uninhibited Types of Children. Child Development, 60 , 838-845. | Cheek, J. and Buss, A.H. (1979). Scales of Shyness, Sociability, and Self-Esteem and Correlations Among Them, unpublished research report, University of Texas. Note: This report is often cited. | Hopko, D.R., Stowell, J., Jones, W.H., Armento, M.E.A. and Cheek, J.M. (2005). Journal of Personality Assessment, 84 , 185-192. | Interesting paper about loneliness and shyness
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Sincerity (HEX: H-Sinc))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sincerity" and target/key label "HEX: H-Sinc)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Single-Item Burnout (Dolan et al.)
A single-item measure of burnout: 'Overall, based on your definition of burnout, how would you rate your level of burnout?' (1=I enjoy my work to 5=I feel completely burned out). Validated against MBI for screening.
Source: Dolan, E. D., Mohr, D., Lempa, M., Joos, S., Fihn, S. D., Nelson, K. M., & Helfrich, C. D. (2015): Using a single item to measure burnout in primary care staff: A psychometric evaluation. Journal of General Internal Medicine, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 582–587.
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Single-Item Group Identification
A single-item global measure: 'Please indicate the extent to which you identify with [your group].' Scaled 1–7. Used widely when length is constrained.
Source: Postmes, T., Haslam, S. A., & Jans, L. (2013): A single-item measure of social identification: Reliability, validity, and utility. British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 597–617.
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Single-Item Sleep Quality Scale (SQS)
Sleep quality affects many psychological processes. Therefore, we often need to know how well participants sleep. Many sleep quality questionnaires are too long. This SQS with just one item can help, and it's reliability and validity have b…
Source: Snyder, E., Cai, B., DeMuro, C., Morrison, M. F., & Ball, W. (2018). A new single-item sleep quality scale: results of psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic primary insomnia and depression. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 14(11), 1849-1857. Read full article for free here
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Six Sigma Orientation
A multi-item measure of organizational orientation toward Six Sigma methodology — process improvement, data-driven decisions, and DMAIC framework.
Source: Linderman, K., Schroeder, R. G., Zaheer, S., & Choo, A. S. (2003): Six Sigma: A goal-theoretic perspective. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 193–203.
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Skepticism
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Saaksjarvi/Morel (2010): The Development of a Scale to Measure Consumer Doubt Toward New Products. European Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. ???-???. Adapted from: Koslow (2000).
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Skepticism towards advertisements (SKEP)
The field of consumer psychology studies the thinking and behavior of consumers. This research is particularly relevant as part of applied psychology. Obviously, advertisers want to know if potential consumers take advertisements seriously …
Source: Obermiller, C. & Spangenberg, E.R. (1998). Development of a scale to measure consumer skepticism toward advertising. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 7 , 159-186.
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Skill Discretion (Karasek)
A 6-item subscale of Karasek JCQ measuring opportunity to use and develop varied skills at work.
Source: Karasek, R. A. (1985): Job Content Questionnaire and User's Guide. University of Massachusetts Lowell.
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Smart Product Attachment
A multi-item measure of emotional attachment to smart, connected products (smartphones, smart speakers, wearables). Captures the new dimension of human-product bonding in the IoT era.
Source: Schweitzer, F., Belk, R., Jordan, W., & Ortner, M. (2019): Servant, friend or master? The relationships users build with voice-controlled smart devices. Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 35, No. 7–8, pp. 693–715.
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Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV)
A 10-item self-report measure of smartphone-addiction symptoms in adolescents and adults. Used widely in digital-wellbeing research.
Source: Kwon, M., Kim, D.-J., Cho, H., & Yang, S. (2013): The Smartphone Addiction Scale: Development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLOS ONE, Vol. 8, No. 12, Article e83558.
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Smartphone UTAUT Acceptance
A multi-item adaptation of UTAUT to smartphone-app contexts — performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions.
Source: Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y. L., & Xu, X. (2012): Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: Extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 157–178.
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Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS)
A 14-item measure of anhedonia — reduced ability to experience pleasure across multiple hedonic domains. Used in depression and schizophrenia research.
Source: Snaith, R. P., Hamilton, M., Morley, S., Humayan, A., Hargreaves, D., & Trigwell, P. (1995): A scale for the assessment of hedonic tone: The Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 167, No. 1, pp. 99–103.
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Sociability (AB5C: I+/V-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sociability" and target/key label "AB5C: I+/V-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Sociability (CPI: Sy))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sociability" and target/key label "CPI: Sy)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Sociability (HEX: X-Soci))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sociability" and target/key label "HEX: X-Soci)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Sociability (HPI: Likes Crowds HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sociability" and target/key label "HPI: Likes Crowds HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Sociability (HPI: Soc))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sociability" and target/key label "HPI: Soc)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Sociability (JPI: Soc))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sociability" and target/key label "JPI: Soc)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Social and environmental responsibility
Based on a comprehensive scale development and validation procedure, the authors find support for a five-dimensional scale to measure customer-based corporate reputation of a service firm: customer orientation, good employer, reliable and f…
Source: Walsh & Beatty (2007): Customer-based Corporate Reputation of a Service Firm: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 127-143.
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Social astuteness
The conceptualization and measurement of the political skill construct was examined and evidence was validated for the Political Skill Inventory (PSI). The results of three investigations, involving seven samples, are reported that demonstr…
Source: Ferris et al. (2005): Development and Validation of the Political Skill Inventory. Journal of Management, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 126–152.
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Social awareness
A multidimensional measure of feedback orientation is developed and validated. This feedback orientation scale (FOS) was developed and refined using two pilot studies and two focal studies. Across these studies, substantial support was foun…
Source: Linderbaum/Levy (2010): The Development and Validation of the Feedback Orientation Scale (FOS). Journal of Management, Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 1372-1405.
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Social awareness
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Social astuteness entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Social astuteness. Verify the original source before field use.
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Social Boldness (HEX: X-SocB))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Social Boldness" and target/key label "HEX: X-SocB)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Social Categorization Identification
A 6-item measure of identification grounded in social-categorization theory — sense of oneness with the organization and adoption of organizational characteristics as one's own.
Source: Bergami, M., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2000): Self-categorization, affective commitment and group self-esteem as distinct aspects of social identity in the organization. British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 555–577.
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Social cohesion
Social cohesion was measured with two items taken from Zaccaro (1991).
Source: Zhang et al. (2014): Relational Versus Collective Identification Within Workgroups: Conceptualization, Measurement Development, and Nomological Network Building. Journal of Management, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 1700–1731
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Social control
The authors consider two forms of control, namely formal control and social control.
Source: Li et al. (2008): Transformational offshore outsourcing: Empirical evidence from alliances in China. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 257-274.
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Social control
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Formal control entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Formal control. Verify the original source before field use.
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Social Desirability Scale (SDS-17, Stöber)
A 17-item modern revision of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, used as a control variable for self-presentation bias in surveys.
Source: Stöber, J. (2001): The Social Desirability Scale-17 (SDS-17): Convergent validity, discriminant validity, and relationship with age. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 222–232.
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Social Dominance Orientation (SDO-7)
A 16-item measure of social dominance orientation — preference for hierarchical group relations and inequality. Strong predictor of prejudice and discrimination.
Source: Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Kteily, N., Sheehy-Skeffington, J., Pratto, F., Henkel, K. E., Foels, R., & Stewart, A. L. (2015): The nature of social dominance orientation: Theorizing and measuring preferences for intergroup inequality using the new SDO-7 scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 109, No. 6, pp. 1003–1028.
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Social Exchange Relationships (Bernerth, Armenakis, Feild, Giles & Walker)
An 8-item measure of the perceived quality of social-exchange relationships at work, including investment, support, and reciprocity expectations. Used widely in OB research as an alternative to LMX.
Source: Bernerth, J. B., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., Giles, W. F., & Walker, H. J. (2007): Leader–member social exchange (LMSX): Development and validation of a scale. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 28, No. 8, pp. 979–1003.
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Social inequality
Hofstede's five cultural factors are reconceptualized as ten personal cultural orientations: independence, interdependence, power, social inequality, masculinity, gender equality, risk aversion, ambiguity intolerance, tradition, and prudenc…
Source: Sharma (2010): Measuring Personal Cultural Orientations: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 787–806
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Social Intelligence (Tromsø Social Intelligence Scale, TSIS)
Human beings are social animals! Humans typically want to be with other people. People in social isolation suffer terribly. Loneliness (which can be measured with Psytoolkit here ) is a very unpleasant feeling. Part of our social nature is …
Source: D.H. Silvera, M. Martinussen, & T. I. Dahl. (2001). The Tromsø Social Intelligence Scale, a self-report measure of social intelligence. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42 , 313-319.
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Social Media Disorder Scale (SMD)
The SMD is a short and simple scale to diagnose a disorder in social media use. The SMD consists of 9 yes/no questions about feelings about social media.
Source: van der Eijnden, R.J.J.M, Lemmens, J.S., & Valkenburg, P.M. (2016). The Social Media Disorder Scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 478-487.
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Social Media, Interest in (ORAIS: Social-Networking))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Social Media, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Social-Networking)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Social participation
The authors reconceptualize organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in terms of civic citizenship and propose a new OCB measurement. It uses five categories of citizenship: loyalty, obedience, social participation, advocacy participation,…
Source: Van Dyne, Graham & Dienesch (1994): Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Construct Redefinition, Measurement, and Validation. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 765–802
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Social participation
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Advocacy participation entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Advocacy participation. Verify the original source before field use.
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Social Withdrawal (CAT-PD: Social Withdrawal))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Social Withdrawal" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Social Withdrawal)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Social-confidence (HPI: No Social Anxiety HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Social-confidence" and target/key label "HPI: No Social Anxiety HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Social-confidence (JPI: Scf))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Social-confidence" and target/key label "JPI: Scf)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Social-discomfort (TCI: HA3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Social-discomfort" and target/key label "TCI: HA3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Social/Personal/Emotional Intelligence (VIA: Soc))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Social/Personal/Emotional Intelligence" and target/key label "VIA: Soc)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4 (SATAQ-4)
A 22-item measure of internalization of and pressures toward sociocultural appearance ideals across five subscales: thin/low body fat, muscular/athletic, family pressure, peer pressure, and media pressure.
Source: Schaefer, L. M., Burke, N. L., Thompson, J. K., et al. (2015): Development and validation of the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-4 (SATAQ-4). Psychological Assessment, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 54–67.
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Socioemotional Wealth (FIBER short)
A multi-item measure of socioemotional wealth (SEW) in family firms across five dimensions: family control, identification, social ties, emotional attachment, and renewal across generations.
Source: Berrone, P., Cruz, C., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (2012): Socioemotional wealth in family firms: Theoretical dimensions, assessment approaches, and agenda for future research. Family Business Review, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 258–279.
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Source Credibility / Influencer Credibility (Ohanian)
A 15-item measure of communicator credibility along three dimensions: attractiveness, trustworthiness, and expertise (5 items each). Adapted heavily for influencer marketing in 2018–2025 research.
Source: Ohanian, R. (1990): Construction and validation of a scale to measure celebrity endorsers' perceived expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. Journal of Advertising, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 39–52.
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Southampton Nostalgia Scale (SNS)
A 7-item measure of dispositional nostalgia — frequency of and personal value placed on nostalgic experiences.
Source: Routledge, C., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Juhl, J., & Arndt, J. (2012): The power of the past: Nostalgia as a meaning-making resource. Memory, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 452–460.
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Specific assets
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Carson et al. (2006): Uncertainty, opportunism and governance: The effects of volatility and ambiguity on formal and relational contracting. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 1058–1077. Adapted from Anderson (1985) and John/Weitz (1989).
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Specific assets
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Asset specificity entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Asset specificity. Verify the original source before field use.
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Spheres of Control Scale (SOC-3)
Sometimes you may feel you can influence the way things go, that is, you feel in control. But other times you may feel that you have no control on how things go, that is, you feel out of control. For example, you might be organising a party…
Source: Paulhus, D.L., & Van Selst, M. (1990). The Spheres of Control scale: Ten years of research. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 1029-1036. | Spittal, M.J., Siegert, R.J., McClure, J.L., & Walkey, F.H. (2002). The Spheres of Control scale: the identification of a clear, replicable three-factor structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 121-131. | J.B. Rotter. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80 , (1, Whole No. 609). | Webpage with the original scale document. Click here .
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Spider Fear Questionnaire (SPQ)
Many people dislike spiders and some are even seriously afraid of them. A serious fear of spiders is also known as arachnophobia . Fear of spiders is a topic psychologists and psychiatrists study for different reasons. Psychiatrists are foc…
Source: Klorman, R., Weerts, T. C., Hastings, J. E., Melamed, B. G., Lang, P. J. (1974). Psychometric descriptions of some specific fear questionnaires. Behavior Therapy, 5 , 401-409. | Muris, P. and Merckelbach, H. (1996). A comparison of two spider fear questionnaires. Journal of Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27(3) , 241-244. | Szymanksi, J. and O'Donohue, W. (1995). Fear of spiders Questionnaire. Journal of Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26(1) , 31-34.
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Spiritual Leadership (Fry)
A 17-item measure of spiritual leadership across three dimensions: vision, hope/faith, and altruistic love. Predicts calling, membership, and organizational commitment.
Source: Fry, L. W. (2003): Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 693–727.
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Spiritual Transcendence Scale (Piedmont)
A 24-item measure of spiritual transcendence across three facets: prayer fulfillment, universality, and connectedness. Treats spirituality as a personality dimension transcending specific religion.
Source: Piedmont, R. L. (1999): Does spirituality represent the sixth factor of personality? Journal of Personality, Vol. 67, No. 6, pp. 985–1013.
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Spirituality/Religiousness (ORAIS: Religious/Spiritual Practices))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Spirituality/Religiousness" and target/key label "ORAIS: Religious/Spiritual Practices)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Spirituality/Religiousness (VIA: Spi))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Spirituality/Religiousness" and target/key label "VIA: Spi)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2)
A 15-item measure of competitive trait anxiety in sport across three subscales: somatic anxiety, worry, and concentration disruption.
Source: Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., Cumming, S. P., & Grossbard, J. R. (2006): Measurement of multidimensional sport performance anxiety in children and adults: The Sport Anxiety Scale-2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 479–501.
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Sports, Interest in (ORAIS: Sports))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sports, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Sports)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Stability (AB5C: IV+/IV+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Stability" and target/key label "AB5C: IV+/IV+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Stability (CPI: So))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Stability" and target/key label "CPI: So)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Stability (HPI: Adj))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Stability" and target/key label "HPI: Adj)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Stages of Workplace Fun Scale
A multi-item measure of perceived workplace fun across socializing, celebrating, personal freedoms, and global fun-management activities.
Source: Tews, M. J., Michel, J. W., & Stafford, K. (2013): Does fun pay? The impact of workplace fun on employee turnover and performance. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 370–382.
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Stakeholder Orientation
A multi-item measure of organizational stakeholder orientation — the extent to which a firm considers and responds to the interests of multiple stakeholder groups.
Source: Maignan, I., Ferrell, O. C., & Ferrell, L. (2005): A stakeholder model for implementing social responsibility in marketing. European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 39, No. 9/10, pp. 956–977.
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Standard Shiftwork Index (SSI)
A multi-section instrument capturing shift-work characteristics, sleep, alertness, social/domestic disruption, and chronic fatigue. Foundational measure in occupational-health research on rotating-shift workers.
Source: Barton, J., Spelten, E., Totterdell, P., Smith, L., Folkard, S., & Costa, G. (1995): The Standard Shiftwork Index: A battery of questionnaires for assessing shiftwork-related problems. Work & Stress, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 4–30.
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Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6)
A 6-item measure of presenteeism — productivity loss while at work due to health problems. Two factors: completing work and avoiding distraction.
Source: Koopman, C., Pelletier, K. R., Murray, J. F., Sharda, C. E., Berger, M. L., Turpin, R. S., Hackleman, P., Gibson, P., Holmes, D. M., & Bendel, T. (2002): Stanford Presenteeism Scale: Health status and employee productivity. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 14–20.
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STARA Awareness (Smart Technology, AI, Robotics & Algorithms)
A 4-item measure of an employee's awareness that smart technology, AI, robotics, and algorithms could replace tasks in their job and career. Predicts cynicism, depression, turnover intention, and reduced career satisfaction.
Source: Brougham, D., & Haar, J. (2018): Smart technology, artificial intelligence, robotics, and algorithms (STARA): Employees' perceptions of our future workplace. Journal of Management & Organization, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 239–257.
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State Adult Attachment Measure (SAAM)
Attachment theory is an important and well-known theory in developmental and social psychology. It relates to how people feel and behave in long-term relationships, such as those between parent and child or between romantic partners (see at…
Source: Gillath, O., Hart, J., Noftle, E. E., & Stockdale, G. D. (2009). Development and validation of a state adult attachment measure (SAAM). Journal of Research in Personality, 43 , 362-373. See also this link to Gillath's web page . | Website about attachment measures . | Attachment theory on Simply Psychology
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State uncertainty
An important contribution to the literature on perceived environmental uncertainty (PEU) is Milliken's (1987) distinction between state uncertainty, effect uncertainty, and response uncertainty. Using a two-phase empirical study, this resea…
Source: Ashill/Jobber (2010): Measuring State, Effect, and Response Uncertainty: Theoretical Construct Development and Empirical Validation. Journal of Management, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 1278-1308.
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State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2)
A 57-item measure of state anger, trait anger, and three modes of anger expression (anger-in, anger-out, anger-control). Used widely in clinical and OB research.
Source: Spielberger, C. D. (1999): Manual for the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2). Psychological Assessment Resources.
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State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI, Spielberger)
A 40-item self-report inventory with 20 items each measuring state anxiety (current feelings) and trait anxiety (general anxiety-proneness). The most widely used anxiety measure in research.
Source: Spielberger, C. D. (1983): Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
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Statistical Anxiety Rating Scale (STARS)
A 51-item measure of statistics anxiety across six subscales: worth of statistics, interpretation anxiety, test/class anxiety, computational self-concept, fear of asking for help, fear of statistics teachers.
Source: Cruise, R. J., Cash, R. W., & Bolton, D. L. (1985): Development and validation of an instrument to measure statistical anxiety. ASA Proceedings of the Section on Statistical Education, pp. 92–98.
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Statistical Power Analysis (G*Power)
A method for determining required sample size given effect size, alpha, and desired power. G*Power software supports t-tests, F-tests, χ², correlation, regression, ANOVA, and others.
Source: Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007): G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 175–191.
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Statistical process control
The research takes a step toward clarifying the concept of lean production and develops and validates a multi-dimensional measure of lean production. The 10 distinct dimensions of a lean system are continuous flow, customer involvement, emp…
Source: Shah/Ward (2007): Defining and developing measures of lean production. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 785-805.
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Statistical process control usage
Through a detailed analysis of the literature, twelve constructs of integrated quality management strategies were identified: top management commitment, customer focus, supplier quality management, design quality management, benchmarking, S…
Source: Ahire et al. (1996): Development and Validation of TQM Implementation Constructs. Decision Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 23-56.
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Statistical process control usage
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Statistical process control entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Statistical process control. Verify the original source before field use.
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Status Consumption Scale (Eastman)
A 5-item measure of consumer status consumption — the motivation to consume products that confer prestige and status on the buyer.
Source: Eastman, J. K., Goldsmith, R. E., & Flynn, L. R. (1999): Status consumption in consumer behavior: Scale development and validation. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 41–52.
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Strategic fit
To measure the construct, the authors relied on scale items previously used by Harrigan (1988), Kale et al. (2000), and Parkhe (1991).
Source: Lavie et al. (2012): Organizational Differences, Relational Mechanisms, and Alliance Performance. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 33, No. 13, pp. 1453–1479
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Strategic IT planning
The paper defines and operationalizes eight Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) competence constructs. A two-stage normative process of scale development is followed. First, a portfolio of eight generic constructs that are hypothesized to be…
Source: Stratman/Roth (2002): Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Competence Constructs: Two-Stage Multi-Item Scale Development and Validation. Decision Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 601-628.
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Strategic purchasing
The authors identify key constructs related to supply chain management. Based on a systematic instrument develop process, they develop a set of reliable, valid, and unidimensional measurement scales.
Source: Carr/Pearson (1999): Strategically managed buyer–supplier relationships and performance outcomes. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 497-519.
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Strategic risk assessment
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Handley/Benton (2009): Unlocking the business outsourcing process model. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 344–361.
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Stress Appraisal Measure (SAM)
A 28-item measure of cognitive appraisal of stressful situations across primary appraisals (threat, challenge, centrality) and secondary appraisals (controllable-by-self, controllable-by-others, uncontrollable).
Source: Peacock, E. J., & Wong, P. T. P. (1990): The stress appraisal measure (SAM): A multidimensional approach to cognitive appraisal. Stress Medicine, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 227–236.
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Strong Interest Inventory (SII)
A 291-item measure of vocational interests built around Holland's RIASEC model (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional) and 30 basic interest scales. Standard career-counselling instrument.
Source: Donnay, D. A. C., Morris, M. L., Schaubhut, N. A., & Thompson, R. C. (2005): Strong Interest Inventory Manual: Research, Development, and Strategies for Interpretation. CPP.
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Student AI Literacy Scale (SAILS)
A 16-item measure of AI literacy for students across four dimensions: AI awareness, AI usage, AI evaluation, and AI ethics. Validated in higher-education samples post-2022.
Source: Laupichler, M. C., Aster, A., & Raupach, T. (2023): Delphi study for the development and preliminary validation of an item set for the assessment of non-experts' AI literacy. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 4, Article 100126.
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Student Need for Cognitive Closure
A multi-item adaptation of NFC for students — preference for clear instructions, predictable assignments, and definite answers.
Source: Webster, D. M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1994): Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. JPSP, 67(6), 1049–1062.
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Students' Evaluations of Educational Quality (SEEQ, Marsh)
A 35-item student-rating instrument measuring nine dimensions of teaching effectiveness: learning/value, instructor enthusiasm, organization, group interaction, individual rapport, breadth of coverage, examinations/grading, assignments, and…
Source: Marsh, H. W. (1982): SEEQ: A reliable, valid and useful instrument for collecting students' evaluations of university teaching. British Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 77–95.
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Student–Instructor Rapport (Frisby & Martin)
An 11-item measure of perceived rapport between student and instructor — a sense of mutual respect, connection, and enjoyment of interactions. Predicts engagement, motivation, and learning outcomes.
Source: Frisby, B. N., & Martin, M. M. (2010): Instructor–student and student–student rapport in the classroom. Communication Education, Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 146–164.
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Subjective and Objective Career Success Composite
A composite operationalization combining subjective career success (5-item Greenhaus satisfaction) and objective indicators (salary growth, number of promotions, hierarchical level).
Source: Ng, T. W. H., Eby, L. T., Sorensen, K. L., & Feldman, D. C. (2005): Predictors of objective and subjective career success: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 367–408.
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Subjective Career Success (Greenhaus et al.)
A 5-item measure of subjective career satisfaction — the degree to which an individual is satisfied with the success they have achieved in their career, including success with respect to income, advancement, and skill development.
Source: Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S., & Wormley, W. M. (1990): Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 64–86.
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Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS)
Happiness and the term more commonly used in psychology, subjective wellbeing , are frequently studied in the field of psychology (including in positive psychology ) and related applied areas, such as social care . There are a number of mea…
Source: Lyubomirsky, S. & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happines: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social indicators research, 46 , 137-155.
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Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS)
A 4-item global measure of subjective happiness, treating happiness as a unitary trait-state. Cross-culturally validated.
Source: Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999): A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 137–155.
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Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS, Ryan & Frederick)
A 7-item measure of subjective vitality — the conscious experience of feeling alive and alert. Foundational eudaimonic well-being measure tied to self-determination theory.
Source: Ryan, R. M., & Frederick, C. (1997): On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 529–565.
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Submissiveness (CAT-PD: Submissiveness))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Submissiveness" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Submissiveness)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Submissiveness (IPIP-IPC: Unassured-Submissive))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Submissiveness" and target/key label "IPIP-IPC: Unassured-Submissive)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R)
A 4-item screener for suicide risk covering lifetime ideation/attempts, frequency in past year, threats, and self-reported likelihood of future attempt.
Source: Osman, A., Bagge, C. L., Gutierrez, P. M., Konick, L. C., Kopper, B. A., & Barrios, F. X. (2001): The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R). Assessment, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 443–454.
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Supernatural Belief Scale
Supernatural beliefs are beliefs in things that do not and cannot exist to the best of scientific knowledge, but which appear real to believers. Examples are the belief in god, angels, daemons, reincarnation , ghosts, and mind-body dualism …
Source: Jong, J., Bluemke, M., & Halberstadt, J. (2013). Fear of death and supernatural beliefs: Developing a new supernatural belief scale to test the relationship. European Journal of Personality, 27 , 495-506.
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Supervisee trust
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Atuahene-Gima/Li (2002): When does trust matter? Antecedents and contingent effects of supervisee trust on performance in selling new products in China and the United States. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 61-81. Previously used by McAllister (1995).
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Supervisee trust
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Distrust of others entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Distrust of others. Verify the original source before field use.
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Supervisor accessibility
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Atuahene-Gima/Li (2002): When does trust matter? Antecedents and contingent effects of supervisee trust on performance in selling new products in China and the United States. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 61-81. Adapted from Oliver/Anderson (1994).
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Supervisory interaction facilitation
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Flynn/Flynn (1999): Information-Processing Alternatives for Coping with Manufacturing Environment Complexity. Decision Sciences, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 1021-1052. Originally from: Taylor/Bowers (1972).
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Supervisor–Subordinate Guanxi (SSG, Chen, Chen & Xin)
A 6-item measure of the quality of the guanxi relationship between supervisor and subordinate in Chinese contexts — a particularistic, affective tie based on personal exchanges that goes beyond professional role obligations.
Source: Chen, C. C., Chen, Y., & Xin, K. (2004): Guanxi practices and trust in management: A procedural justice perspective. Organization Science, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 200–209.
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Supplication
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Bolino/Turnley (1999): Measuring Impression Management in Organizations: A Scale Development Based on the Jones and Pittman Taxonomy. Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 187-206.
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Supplier commitment
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Krause (1999): The antecedents of buying firms' efforts to improve suppliers. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp 205–224.
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Supplier development
The research takes a step toward clarifying the concept of lean production and develops and validates a multi-dimensional measure of lean production. The 10 distinct dimensions of a lean system are continuous flow, customer involvement, emp…
Source: Shah/Ward (2007): Defining and developing measures of lean production. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 785-805.
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Supplier development
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Supplier evaluation systems entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Supplier evaluation systems. Verify the original source before field use.
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Supplier evaluation systems
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Carr/Pearson (1999): Strategically managed buyer–supplier relationships and performance outcomes. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 497-519.
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Supplier evaluation systems
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Supplier development entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Supplier development. Verify the original source before field use.
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Supplier feedback
The research takes a step toward clarifying the concept of lean production and develops and validates a multi-dimensional measure of lean production. The 10 distinct dimensions of a lean system are continuous flow, customer involvement, emp…
Source: Shah/Ward (2007): Defining and developing measures of lean production. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 785-805.
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Supplier involvement
The authors identify key constructs related to supply chain management. Based on a systematic instrument develop process, they develop a set of reliable, valid, and unidimensional measurement scales.
Source: Chen/Paulraj (2004): Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 119–150
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Supplier operational performance
The authors identify key constructs related to supply chain management. Based on a systematic instrument develop process, they develop a set of reliable, valid, and unidimensional measurement scales.
Source: Chen/Paulraj (2004): Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 119–150
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Supplier performance
Through a detailed analysis of the literature, twelve constructs of integrated quality management strategies were identified: top management commitment, customer focus, supplier quality management, design quality management, benchmarking, S…
Source: Ahire et al. (1996): Development and Validation of TQM Implementation Constructs. Decision Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 23-56.
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Supplier performance improvement
A supplier’s operational performance refers to the combination of product development efficiency, process improvements, quality conformity, and short lead time (Womack
Source: Kotabe et al. (2002): Gaining from Vertical Partnerships: Knowledge Transfer, Relationship Duration, and Supplier Performance Improvement in the U.S. and Japanese Automotive Industries. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 293–316
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Supplier quality management
Eight quality management practices were identified by the authors: customer focus, employee relations, management leadership, process management, product/service design, quality data and reporting, supplier quality management, and training.
Source: Kaynak/Hartley (2008): A replication and extension of quality management into the supply chain. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 468–489.
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Supplier relationship
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Flynn et al. (1994): A framework for quality management research and an associated measurement instrument. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 339-366.
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Supplier's technical influence
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Kotabe et al. (2002): Gaining from Vertical Partnerships: Knowledge Transfer, Relationship Duration, and Supplier Performance Improvement in the U.S. and Japanese Automotive Industries. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 293–316
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Supplier-oriented CSR
A multidimensional measure of corporate stakeholder responsibility (CStR) was developed and validated. Hereby, the authors conducted a series of analyses, including exploratory factor analyses, confirmatory factor analyses, and structural e…
Source: El Akremi (201_): How Do Employees Perceive Corporate Responsibility? Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Corporate Stakeholder Responsibility Scale. Journal of Management, Vol. _, No. _, pp. _–_
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Supply base availability
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Schoenherr/Mabert (2008): The use of bundling in B2B online reverse auctions. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 81-95.
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Supply base reduction
The authors identify key constructs related to supply chain management. Based on a systematic instrument develop process, they develop a set of reliable, valid, and unidimensional measurement scales.
Source: Chen/Paulraj (2004): Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 119–150
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Supply Chain Agility (Swafford, Ghosh & Murthy)
A multi-item measure of supply chain agility — the capability to rapidly respond to short-term changes in demand, supply, and the business environment.
Source: Swafford, P. M., Ghosh, S., & Murthy, N. (2006): The antecedents of supply chain agility of a firm: Scale development and model testing. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 170–188.
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Supply chain disruption orientation
A scale to measure supply chain disruption orientation was adapted from Bode et al. (2011).
Source: Ambulkar/Blackhurst/Grawe (2015): Firm’s resilience to supply chain disruptions: Scale development and empirical examination. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 33–34, pp. 111–122
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Supply Chain Integration (Flynn, Huo & Zhao)
A 25-item measure of supply chain integration across three facets: customer integration, supplier integration, and internal integration.
Source: Flynn, B. B., Huo, B., & Zhao, X. (2010): The impact of supply chain integration on performance: A contingency and configuration approach. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 58–71.
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Supply Chain Resilience (Pettit, Croxton & Fiksel)
A multi-item measure of supply chain resilience — the ability to anticipate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from disruptions.
Source: Pettit, T. J., Croxton, K. L., & Fiksel, J. (2013): Ensuring supply chain resilience: Development and implementation of an assessment tool. Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 46–76.
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Supply network structure
The authors identify key constructs related to supply chain management. Based on a systematic instrument develop process, they develop a set of reliable, valid, and unidimensional measurement scales.
Source: Chen/Paulraj (2004): Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 119–150
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Supply uncertainty
The authors identify key constructs related to supply chain management. Based on a systematic instrument develop process, they develop a set of reliable, valid, and unidimensional measurement scales.
Source: Chen/Paulraj (2004): Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 119–150
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Support for AI Regulation
A multi-item measure of public support for government regulation of AI development and deployment. Captures preferences for restriction, transparency requirements, and corporate accountability.
Source: Zhang, B., & Dafoe, A. (2019): Artificial intelligence: American attitudes and trends. Centre for the Governance of AI, Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford.
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Susceptibility to AI Persuasion
A multi-item measure of how easily a user can be persuaded by AI-generated arguments and recommendations.
Source: Salvi, F., Ribeiro, M. H., Gallotti, R., & West, R. (2024): On the conversational persuasiveness of large language models: A randomized controlled trial. arXiv:2403.14380.
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Sustainable HRM Practices
A multi-item measure of sustainable HRM practices that simultaneously support economic, social, and environmental goals — including long-term oriented hiring, lifelong learning, work-life balance, employee voice, and environmental practices…
Source: Stahl, G. K., Brewster, C. J., Collings, D. G., & Hajro, A. (2020): Enhancing the role of human resource management in corporate sustainability and social responsibility: A multi-stakeholder, multidimensional approach to HRM. Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, Article 100708.
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Sustainable Lifestyle Behaviour
A multi-item measure of self-reported sustainable lifestyle behaviours: energy conservation, sustainable transport, sustainable food, waste reduction, and sustainable consumption.
Source: Whitmarsh, L., & O'Neill, S. (2010): Green identity, green living? The role of pro-environmental self-identity in determining consistency across diverse pro-environmental behaviours. Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 305–314.
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Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM)
A multi-item measure of sustainable supply chain management practices — environmental, social, and economic dimensions of sustainability across the supply chain.
Source: Carter, C. R., & Rogers, D. S. (2008): A framework of sustainable supply chain management: Moving toward new theory. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 360–387.
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Switching costs
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Verwaal et al. (2009): Value Creation and Value Claiming in Strategic Outsourcing Decisions: A Resource Contingency Perspective. Journal of Management, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 420-444.
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Sympathy (AB5C: II+/III-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sympathy" and target/key label "AB5C: II+/III-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Sympathy (NEO: A6))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Sympathy" and target/key label "NEO: A6)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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System Justification Scale (SJS, Jost & Kay)
An 8-item measure of system justification — the tendency to defend, bolster, and justify the social, economic, and political status quo, even when it is disadvantageous to oneself.
Source: Kay, A. C., & Jost, J. T. (2003): Complementary justice: Effects of 'poor but happy' and 'poor but honest' stereotype exemplars on system justification and implicit activation of the justice motive. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 85, No. 5, pp. 823–837.
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Systemizing Quotient
The Autism Research Centre in Cambridge (UK) has released a number of surveys. One of them is to measure the Systemizing Quotient (copyright by Professor Simon Baron-Cohen).
Source: PsyToolkit survey library page with background, links, and references.
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Taking Charge (Morrison & Phelps)
A 10-item measure of taking-charge behaviour — voluntary, constructive efforts by employees to effect functional change with respect to how work is executed.
Source: Morrison, E. W., & Phelps, C. C. (1999): Taking charge at work: Extrarole efforts to initiate workplace change. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 403–419.
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Talent Management Practices
A multi-item measure of perceived talent-management practices in an organization, including identification, attraction, development, and retention of high-potential employees. Used widely in strategic-HRM and emerging-market research.
Source: Collings, D. G., & Mellahi, K. (2009): Strategic talent management: A review and research agenda. Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 304–313.
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Talkativeness (AB5C: I+/IV-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Talkativeness" and target/key label "AB5C: I+/IV-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Task and work responsibilities
The authors develop and validate a 16-item measure of i-deals negotiated by job incumbents across four content domains: task and work responsibilities, schedule flexibility, location flexibility and financial incentives.
Source: Rosen et al. (2013): Let’s Make a Deal: Development and Validation of the Ex Post I-Deals Scale. Journal of Management, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 709–742
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Task cohesion
Task cohesion was measured with two items taken from Zaccaro (1991).
Source: Zhang et al. (2014): Relational Versus Collective Identification Within Workgroups: Conceptualization, Measurement Development, and Nomological Network Building. Journal of Management, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 1700–1731
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Task Performance (Goodman & Svyantek)
A 9-item measure of in-role task performance, often supervisor-rated. Captures core technical proficiency and meeting role expectations.
Source: Goodman, S. A., & Svyantek, D. J. (1999): Person–organization fit and contextual performance: Do shared values matter? Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 254–275.
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Teacher burnout
Burnout is a mental (and possibly physical) state related to disillusionement with one's work. Some jobs are more affected by this than others. Teaching is generally considered a stressful job. Teacher burnout is not a new phenomenon (Campb…
Source: Campbell, L.P. (1983). Teacher burnout: Description and prescription. The Clearing House, 57 , pp. 111-113 | Richmond, V. P., Wrench, J. S., & Gorham, J. (2001). Communication, affect, and learning in the classroom . Acton, MA: Tapestry Press.
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Teacher Burnout (MBI-Educators Survey)
A 22-item version of the MBI for educators measuring emotional exhaustion (9), depersonalization (5), and personal accomplishment (8) in teaching contexts.
Source: Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Schwab, R. L. (1996): Maslach Burnout Inventory: Educators Survey (MBI-ES). Mind Garden.
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Teacher Job Satisfaction Inventory
A 35-item measure of teacher job satisfaction across nine factors: salary, supervision, working conditions, advancement, pupils, relations with colleagues, recognition, responsibility, and the work itself.
Source: Lester, P. E. (1987): Development and factor analysis of the Teacher Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (TJSQ). Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 223–233.
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Teachers' Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES)
A 24-item measure of teacher self-efficacy across three subscales: efficacy in instructional strategies, classroom management, and student engagement.
Source: Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, A. W. (2001): Teacher efficacy: Capturing an elusive construct. Teaching and Teacher Education, Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 783–805.
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Team Commitment (Bishop & Scott)
A 9-item measure of affective commitment to the team or workgroup, distinct from organizational commitment. Used in multilevel commitment research.
Source: Bishop, J. W., & Scott, K. D. (2000): An examination of organizational and team commitment in a self-directed team environment. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 85, No. 3, pp. 439–450.
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Team Learning Behaviour (Edmondson)
A 7-item measure of team learning behaviour — seeking feedback, sharing information, asking for help, talking about errors, and experimenting.
Source: Edmondson, A. (1999): Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. ASQ, 44(2), 350–383.
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Team performance
Team performance is defined as the extent to which a team is able to meet its output goals (e.g., quality, functionality, and reliability of outputs), the expectations of its members, or its cost and time objectives (Ancona & Caldwell, 1992…
Source: Kostopoulos et al. (2013): Structure and Function of Team Learning Emergence: A Multilevel Empirical Validation. Journal of Management, Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 1430–1461
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Team psychological safety
The article examines three factors of intellectual capital: Worker expertise, information sharing quality, and team psychological safety.
Source: Lee et al. (2011): The roles of worker expertise, information sharing quality, and psychological safety in manufacturing process innovation: An intellectual capital perspective. Production and Operations Management, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 556–570
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Team Psychological Safety (Edmondson)
A 7-item measure of the shared belief that the team is safe for interpersonal risk-taking. Captures whether team members can speak up, ask questions, admit mistakes, and propose new ideas without fear of negative consequences. Aggregated to…
Source: Edmondson, A. (1999): Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 350–383.
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Team Self-Leadership (Bligh, Pearce & Kohles)
A multi-item measure of self-leadership at the team level — collective behaviour-focused strategies, collective natural reward strategies, and collective constructive thought patterns.
Source: Bligh, M. C., Pearce, C. L., & Kohles, J. C. (2006): The importance of self- and shared leadership in team based knowledge work: A meso-level model of leadership dynamics. Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 296–318.
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Team Trust (Costa & Anderson)
A 21-item measure of team trust along four dimensions: propensity to trust, perceived trustworthiness, cooperative behaviours, and monitoring behaviours. Captures both dispositional and behavioural facets of team-level trust.
Source: Costa, A. C., & Anderson, N. (2011): Measuring trust in teams: Development and validation of a multifaceted measure of formative and reflective indicators of team trust. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 119–154.
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Teamwork
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Flynn et al. (1994): A framework for quality management research and an associated measurement instrument. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 339-366.
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Teamwork/Citizenship (VIA: Cit))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Teamwork/Citizenship" and target/key label "VIA: Cit)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Technical exchanges
Technical exchanges are understood as small-scale exchanges of technical information.
Source: Kotabe et al. (2002): Gaining from Vertical Partnerships: Knowledge Transfer, Relationship Duration, and Supplier Performance Improvement in the U.S. and Japanese Automotive Industries. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 293–316
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Technical proficiency
Although certain items of some scales were developed specifically for the Japanese context, many were derived from existing validated scales. Respondents answered all questions using a Likert-type scale ranging from 0 to 10; field research …
Source: Song/Montoya-Weiss (2001): The Effect of Perceived Technological Uncertainty on Japanese New Product Development. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 61-80.
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Technical skills
A set of new, multi-item measures are operationalized. The authors define and measure the salient infrastructural competencies – termed business-to-business seller competence (B2B-SC) – associated with the seller-side of Internet-enabled co…
Source: Rosenzweig/Roth (2007): B2B seller competence: Construct development and measurement using a supply chain strategy lens. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 1311-1331.
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Technical skills
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Information technology experience entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Information technology experience. Verify the original source before field use.
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Technical synergy
Although certain items of some scales were developed specifically for the Japanese context, many were derived from existing validated scales. Respondents answered all questions using a Likert-type scale ranging from 0 to 10; field research …
Source: Song/Montoya-Weiss (2001): The Effect of Perceived Technological Uncertainty on Japanese New Product Development. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 61-80.
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Technical synergy
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Marketing synergy entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Marketing synergy. Verify the original source before field use.
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Technological uncertainty
Although certain items of some scales were developed specifically for the Japanese context, many were derived from existing validated scales. Respondents answered all questions using a Likert-type scale ranging from 0 to 10; field research …
Source: Song/Montoya-Weiss (2001): The Effect of Perceived Technological Uncertainty on Japanese New Product Development. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 61-80.
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Technological uncertainty
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Technology uncertainty entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Technology uncertainty. Verify the original source before field use.
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Technology Acceptance Model (TAM, Davis)
A 12-item measure with two scales: Perceived Usefulness (6 items) and Perceived Ease of Use (6 items). Foundational instrument in technology-adoption research and the precursor to UTAUT.
Source: Davis, F. D. (1989): Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 319–340.
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Technology transfer
The authors use the term technology transfer "to refer to scenarios where firms transfer, share, and/or deploy technology on their partner’s behalf".
Source: Kotabe et al. (2002): Gaining from Vertical Partnerships: Knowledge Transfer, Relationship Duration, and Supplier Performance Improvement in the U.S. and Japanese Automotive Industries. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 293–316
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Technology uncertainty
The authors identify key constructs related to supply chain management. Based on a systematic instrument develop process, they develop a set of reliable, valid, and unidimensional measurement scales.
Source: Chen/Paulraj (2004): Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 119–150
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Technology uncertainty
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Technological uncertainty entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Technological uncertainty. Verify the original source before field use.
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Technostress Creators (Ragu-Nathan et al.)
A 23-item measure of stressors created by ICTs at work, organized into five dimensions: techno-overload, techno-invasion, techno-complexity, techno-insecurity, and techno-uncertainty. The most cited technostress instrument and is widely use…
Source: Ragu-Nathan, T. S., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., & Tu, Q. (2008): The consequences of technostress for end users in organizations: Conceptual development and empirical validation. Information Systems Research, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 417–433.
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Television, Interest in Watching (ORAIS: TV))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Television, Interest in Watching" and target/key label "ORAIS: TV)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Telework Intensity (Gajendran & Harrison)
A multi-item measure of telework intensity — the proportion of working hours performed from home or a remote location. Captures both extent and pattern of remote work.
Source: Gajendran, R. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2007): The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: Meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 92, No. 6, pp. 1524–1541.
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Temperance (CPI: Gi))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Temperance" and target/key label "CPI: Gi)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI, Gosling, Rentfrow & Swann)
A 10-item Big Five measure with 2 items per factor designed for very brief surveys. Trades reliability for brevity but converges with longer measures.
Source: Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. (2003): A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 504–528.
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Tenderness (AB5C: II+/IV-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Tenderness" and target/key label "AB5C: II+/IV-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI-5)
Test anxiety is fairly common in students. There are several surveys to measure this. In practise, you likely want a short one so that you can combine it with another survey or experiment (such as the dot-probe task). For this, the TAI-5 de…
Source: Joanne Taylor & Frank P. Deane (2002) Development of a Short Form of the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI), The Journal of General Psychology, 129:2, 127-136, DOI: 10.1080/00221300209603133 | Xu, F., Cai, Y. & Tu, D. Psychometric properties of TAS, TAI, FAT test anxiety scales 6 in Chinese university students: a Bifactor IRT study. Curr Psychol 41, 2250–2263 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00610-w Open access
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The Brief Irritability Test (BITe)
Irritability is state of mind in which people get more easily frustrated, annoyed, and angry than normally. Most people will have been irritable at some point in their life. Irritability is a side effect of many medical conditions. It also …
Source: Holtzman, S., O’Connor, B.P., Barata, P.C., and Stewart, D.E. (2015). The Brief Irritability Test (BITe): A Measure of Irritability for Use Among Men and Women. Assessment, 22 , 101-115. Read it for free via the US National Library of Medicine .
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The brief sexual attitudes scale (BSAS)
People differ in their sexual attitudes. There are different types of sexual attitudes, and in the BSAS four are distinguised ( Hendrick et al, (2005) : Permissiveness = Permissiveness towards an open relationship
Source: Hendrick, C., Hendrick, S. S., & Reich, D. A. (2006). The Journal of Sex Research, 43 , 76-86.
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The Children's Happiness Scale
Happiness and the term more commonly used in psychology, subjective wellbeing , are frequently studied in the field of psychology (including in positive psychology ) and related applied areas, such as social care . The Children's Happiness …
Source: Morgan, R. (2014). The children's happiness scale. Children's Rights. Documentation, including questions and scoring retrieved from this link .
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The degree of dissatisfaction with the status quo
Cudanov, Tornjanski and Jasko have developed construct based on Beckhard and Harris's model and the subsequent literature with the primary purpose to provide quantitative prediction model in the area of organizational change management. Aut…
Source: Cudanov, M., Tornjanski, V., & Jasko, O. (2019). CHANGE EQUATION EFFECTIVENESS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM SOUTH-EAST EUROPE. E+ M Ekonomie a Management, 22(1), 99-115; https://dspace.tul.cz/bitstream/handle/15240/151424/EM_1_2019_07.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales with 21 items (DASS-21)
For a full description/interpretation see the DASS . This is simply a shorter version. The "normal" DASS has 42 questions. In order to have comparible scores, the sum of the DASS-21 is multiplied by 2. For the score interpretation, see the …
Source: Official webpage | Lovibond, S.H. & Lovibond, P.F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety & Stress Scales. (2 Ed.)Sydney: Psychology Foundation.
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The Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (short form)
Most people are right handed . The Edinburgh Handedness Inventory is a well known short questionnaire for determining objectively whether one is left or right handed (Oldfield, 1971), and there is a short form of it (Vealy, 2014). This PsyT…
Source: Oldfield, R.C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9 , 97-113. | Veale, J.F. (2014). Edinburgh Handedness Inventory - Short Form: A revised version based on confirmatory factor analysis. Laterality, 19 , 164-177.
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The Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory (short version, OCI-R)
OCD, Obsessive-compulive disorder is a fairly common mental disorder affecting between and 1 and 2% of the population (see for US or UK ). Self-report questionnaires can help to check how many symptoms people have. One of such self-report q…
Source: Foa, E.B., Huppert, J.D., Leiberg, S. Langner, R., Kichic, R., Hajcak, G., and Salkovskis, P.M. (2002). The obsessive–compulsive inventory: Development and validation of a short version. Psychological Assessment, 14 , 485-496. | Foa, E.B., Kozak, M.J., Salkovskis, P., Coles, M.E., & Amir, N. (1998). The validation of a new obsessive– compulsive disorder scale: The Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 10 , 206-214.
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The Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIOS)
Scrupulosity is a severe psychological discomfort due to the belief that one is sinful. Scruples are defined as uneasy feelings caused by a clash between actions/thoughts and conscience. The very interesting paper by Abramowitz et al. (1995…
Source: Abramowitz, J.S., Hupper, J.D., Cohen, A.B., Tolin, D.F. & Cahill, S.P. (2002). Religious obsessions and compulsions in a non-clinical sample: the Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIOS). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40 , 825-838.
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The premenstrual symptoms screening tool (PSST) for clinicians
Premenstrual symptoms are very common in reproductive-age women, but only a subset experience symptoms that are severe, impairing, and clinically actionable. The clinical challenge is separating “some premenstrual change” from a disorder-le…
Source: Steiner, M., Macdougall, M., & Brown, E. (2003). The premenstrual symptoms screening tool (PSST) for clinicians. Archives of women’s mental health, 6(3) , 203-209. Link to article online
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The State Self Esteem Scale (SSES)
Self esteem is one's own feeling of worthyness, and there are various scales measuring this ( see also the PsyToolkit implementation of Rosenberg's scale ). The advantages of this scale over Rosenberg's are (in my opinion):
Source: Heatherton, T.F. and Polivy, J. Development and Validation of a Scale for Measuring State Self-Esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60 , 895-910. Retrieved from here .
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The WHO-5 Well-Being Index
The World Health Organization is part of the United Nations (for historical overview, read this ). This large organization plays an important role in dealing with diseases around the world. As part of their work, they developed various well…
Source: Topp, C.W., Østergaard, S.D., Søndergaard, S., & Bech, P. (2015). The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84 , 167-176. Open access link | Logtenberg, S. J., Kleefstra, N., Houweling, S. T., Groenier, K. H., Gans, R. O., & Bilo, H. J. (2010). Health-related quality of life, treatment satisfaction, and costs associated with intraperitoneal versus subcutaneous insulin administration in type 1 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes care, 33(6) , 1169–1172. Open access link
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Theory of Planned Behaviour Items (TPB)
A standardized item template for measuring TPB constructs: attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, and intention with respect to any target behaviour.
Source: Ajzen, I. (1991): The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 179–211.
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Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI)
A 30-pair forced-choice instrument measuring five conflict-handling styles: competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding, and accommodating, organized along the assertiveness × cooperativeness axes.
Source: Thomas, K. W., & Kilmann, R. H. (1974): Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument. Tuxedo, NY: Xicom.
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Threat of commercial failure
In the article, the threat of commercial failure refers to the uncertainty associated with both the engineering and design of a sourced technology and the technology's commercial success.
Source: Steensma & Corley (2001): Organizational Context as a Moderator of Theories on Firm Boundaries for Technology Sourcing. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 271-291.
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Threat of opportunism
This scale was based on Souder & Shrivastava (1985) and Simonin (1991).
Source: Steensma & Corley (2001) Organizational Context as a Moderator of Theories on Firm Boundaries for Technology Sourcing. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 271-291.
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Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS, Ardelt)
A 39-item measure of wisdom across three dimensions: cognitive, reflective, and affective. Measures personal wisdom rather than general knowledge.
Source: Ardelt, M. (2003): Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 275–324.
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Thrill-Seeking/Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking (BAS-Fun-seeking: Carver & White, 1994))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Thrill-Seeking/Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking" and target/key label "BAS-Fun-seeking: Carver & White, 1994)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Thrill-Seeking/Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking (Calculated Thrill-seeking: Hoyle et al., 2002))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Thrill-Seeking/Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking" and target/key label "Calculated Thrill-seeking: Hoyle et al., 2002)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Thrill-Seeking/Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking (CAT-PD: Risk Taking))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Thrill-Seeking/Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Risk Taking)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Thrill-Seeking/Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking (Dangerous Thrill-seeking: Hoyle et al., 2002))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Thrill-Seeking/Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking" and target/key label "Dangerous Thrill-seeking: Hoyle et al., 2002)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Thrill-Seeking/Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking (HPI: Thrill-seeking HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Thrill-Seeking/Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking" and target/key label "HPI: Thrill-seeking HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Thrill-Seeking/Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking (Impulsive Thrill-seeking: Hoyle et al., 2002))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Thrill-Seeking/Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking" and target/key label "Impulsive Thrill-seeking: Hoyle et al., 2002)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Thrill-Seeking/Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking (JPI: Rkt))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Thrill-Seeking/Risk-taking/Sensation-Seeking" and target/key label "JPI: Rkt)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Thriving at Work (Porath, Spreitzer, Gibson & Garnett)
A 10-item measure of thriving at work — the psychological state of vitality and learning that emerges from agentic work behaviours.
Source: Porath, C., Spreitzer, G., Gibson, C., & Garnett, F. G. (2012): Thriving at work: Toward its measurement, construct validation, and theoretical refinement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 250–275.
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Time savings
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Boyer/Frohlich (2006): Analysis of Effects of Operational Execution on Repeat Purchasing for Heterogeneous Customer Segments. Production and Operations Management, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 229–242.
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Timidity (CPI: B-FM))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Timidity" and target/key label "CPI: B-FM)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Tolerance (CPI: To))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Tolerance" and target/key label "CPI: To)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Tolerance (IPIP-IPC: Unassuming-Ingenuous))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Tolerance" and target/key label "IPIP-IPC: Unassuming-Ingenuous)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Tolerance (JPI: Tol))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Tolerance" and target/key label "JPI: Tol)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Tolerance (TCI: C1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Tolerance" and target/key label "TCI: C1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Top management commitment
Through a detailed analysis of the literature, twelve constructs of integrated quality management strategies were identified: top management commitment, customer focus, supplier quality management, design quality management, benchmarking, S…
Source: Ahire et al. (1996): Development and Validation of TQM Implementation Constructs. Decision Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 23-56.
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Top management commitment
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Executive commitment entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Executive commitment. Verify the original source before field use.
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Top management support
The authors identify key constructs related to supply chain management. Based on a systematic instrument develop process, they develop a set of reliable, valid, and unidimensional measurement scales.
Source: Chen/Paulraj (2004): Towards a theory of supply chain management: the constructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 119–150
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Top management support
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Buying firm's top management support entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Buying firm's top management support. Verify the original source before field use.
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Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20)
A 20-item self-report measure of alexithymia — difficulty identifying and describing feelings — across three subscales: difficulty identifying feelings, difficulty describing feelings, and externally-oriented thinking.
Source: Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D. A., & Taylor, G. J. (1994): The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale—I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 23–32.
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Total productive and preventive maintenance
The research takes a step toward clarifying the concept of lean production and develops and validates a multi-dimensional measure of lean production. The 10 distinct dimensions of a lean system are continuous flow, customer involvement, emp…
Source: Shah/Ward (2007): Defining and developing measures of lean production. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 785-805.
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Total Quality Management (TQM)
A multi-item measure of TQM practices: leadership, strategic planning, customer focus, employee involvement, continuous improvement, and information analysis.
Source: Powell, T. C. (1995): Total quality management as competitive advantage: A review and empirical study. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 15–37.
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Toughness (AB5C: IV+/V+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Toughness" and target/key label "AB5C: IV+/V+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Toughness (HPI: CP))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Toughness" and target/key label "HPI: CP)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Toughness (HPI: No Somatic Complaints HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Toughness" and target/key label "HPI: No Somatic Complaints HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Tourism Employee Engagement
A multi-item adaptation of UWES-9 to tourism and hospitality contexts, with industry-specific item wording.
Source: Karatepe, O. M. (2013): High-performance work practices and hotel employee performance: The mediation of work engagement. International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 32, pp. 132–140.
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Toxic Leadership Scale (Schmidt)
A 30-item measure of toxic leadership across five dimensions: abusive supervision, authoritarian leadership, narcissism, self-promotion, and unpredictability.
Source: Schmidt, A. A. (2008): Development and validation of the Toxic Leadership Scale (Master's thesis). University of Maryland.
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Tradition
Hofstede's five cultural factors are reconceptualized as ten personal cultural orientations: independence, interdependence, power, social inequality, masculinity, gender equality, risk aversion, ambiguity intolerance, tradition, and prudenc…
Source: Sharma (2010): Measuring Personal Cultural Orientations: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 787–806
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Traditionalism (JPI: Trv))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Traditionalism" and target/key label "JPI: Trv)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Training
Eight quality management practices were identified by the authors: customer focus, employee relations, management leadership, process management, product/service design, quality data and reporting, supplier quality management, and training.
Source: Kaynak/Hartley (2008): A replication and extension of quality management into the supply chain. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 468–489.
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Training
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Employee training entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Employee training. Verify the original source before field use.
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Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue-SF)
A 30-item short form of the TEIQue measuring trait emotional intelligence across four factors: well-being, self-control, emotionality, and sociability. The most validated trait-EI measure.
Source: Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2006): The role of trait emotional intelligence in a gender-specific model of organizational variables. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 552–569.
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Tranquility (AB5C: IV+/V-))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Tranquility" and target/key label "AB5C: IV+/V-)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Transaction-specific supplier development activities
Scale entry from the Handbook of Management Scales.
Source: Krause (1999): The antecedents of buying firms' efforts to improve suppliers. Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp 205–224.
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Transactional Leadership (MLQ contingent reward + MBE)
A 12-item subset of the MLQ-5X capturing three transactional behaviours: contingent reward, active management-by-exception (MBE-A), and passive management-by-exception (MBE-P). Used as the contrast to transformational leadership.
Source: Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1995/2004): Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X). Mind Garden.
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Transactive Memory Systems (TMS, Lewis)
A 15-item measure of transactive memory in teams across three dimensions: specialization, credibility, and coordination. Captures the team-level cognitive system for storing and accessing distributed expertise.
Source: Lewis, K. (2003): Measuring transactive memory systems in the field: Scale development and validation. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88, No. 4, pp. 587–604.
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Transformational Leadership (MLQ-5X)
A 20-item subset of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire that captures four dimensions of transformational leadership: idealized influence (attributed and behavior), inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized…
Source: Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1995/2004): Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X). Mind Garden.
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Transformational Leadership Inventory (TLI, Podsakoff)
A 22-item measure of transformational leadership across six dimensions: articulating a vision, providing an appropriate model, fostering acceptance of group goals, high-performance expectations, individualized support, and intellectual stim…
Source: Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Bommer, W. H. (1996): Transformational leader behaviors and substitutes for leadership as determinants of employee satisfaction, commitment, trust, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Management, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 259–298.
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Travel, Interest in (ORAIS: Travel))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Travel, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Travel)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Tribal/Familial Collectivism
A multi-item measure of tribal/familial collectivism — the prioritization of extended family or tribal interests over individual or national interests. Particularly relevant in Gulf and African contexts.
Source: Triandis, H. C. (1995): Individualism and collectivism. Westview Press.
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Trust
The author theoretically conceptualizes and empirically validates a scale to measure individual trust in online firms. The items represent three key aspects of trust: trustee's ability, benevolence, and integrity. Two surveys were conducted…
Source: Bhattacherjee (2002): Individual Trust in Online Firms: Scale Development and Initial Test. Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 211–241
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Trust (and other scales mentioned there)
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Relational capital entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Relational capital. Verify the original source before field use.
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Trust (HPI: Trusting HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Trust" and target/key label "HPI: Trusting HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Trust (NEO: A1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Trust" and target/key label "NEO: A1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Trust (see also the Related Scales section there)
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Mutual trust entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Mutual trust. Verify the original source before field use.
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Trust (TCI: C3))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Trust" and target/key label "TCI: C3)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Trust Beliefs (Mayer & Davis ABI)
A 17-item measure of trustworthiness perceptions across the ABI dimensions: ability, benevolence, and integrity. Foundational in the Mayer, Davis & Schoorman (1995) trust framework.
Source: Mayer, R. C., & Davis, J. H. (1999): The effect of the performance appraisal system on trust for management: A field quasi-experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 84, No. 1, pp. 123–136.
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Trust in Automation / AI (Jian, Bisantz & Drury)
A 12-item measure of human trust in automated and AI systems, including 7 trust items and 5 distrust items. Despite predating modern AI, it remains the most widely used trust-in-automation scale and is routinely adapted to AI agents, recomm…
Source: Jian, J.-Y., Bisantz, A. M., & Drury, C. G. (2000): Foundations for an empirically determined scale of trust in automated systems. International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 53–71.
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Trust in CEO
A multi-item measure of employee trust in the CEO — confidence in the CEO's competence, integrity, and benevolence. Distinct from trust in immediate supervisor.
Source: Treadway, D. C., Hochwarter, W. A., Ferris, G. R., Kacmar, C. J., Douglas, C., Ammeter, A. P., & Buckley, M. R. (2004): Leader political skill and employee reactions. Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 493–513.
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Trust in Chatbot (Følstad, Nordheim & Bjørkli)
A multi-item measure of trust in chatbots, validated across customer-service contexts. Captures perceived expertise, responsiveness, human-likeness, and brand reputation.
Source: Følstad, A., Nordheim, C. B., & Bjørkli, C. A. (2018): What makes users trust a chatbot for customer service? An exploratory interview study. Internet Science: 5th International Conference, INSCI 2018, pp. 194–208.
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Trust in close relationships
Trust is an important concept in human relationships, even more so in close interpersonal relationships (e.g., romantic partners, married couples, etc). The trust scale is from the often cited paper by Rempel and colleagues (1985) and measu…
Source: Rempel, J.K., Holmes, J.G. & Zanna, M.P. (1985). Trust in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49 , 95-112.
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Trust in Institutions (ESS items)
A standard set of items measuring trust in major social institutions: parliament, legal system, police, politicians, political parties, and the press. Used in the European Social Survey.
Source: European Social Survey (2018): ESS Round 9 source questionnaire. London: ESS ERIC.
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Trust in Organization (Robinson)
A 7-item measure of an employee's trust in the organization — willingness to be vulnerable based on positive expectations about the organization's behaviour. Used widely in psychological-contract research.
Source: Robinson, S. L. (1996): Trust and breach of the psychological contract. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 574–599.
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Trust in Science
A multi-item measure of trust in science as an institution and in scientific findings as a basis for decisions.
Source: Nadelson, L., Jorcyk, C., Yang, D., Smith, M. J., Matson, S., Cornell, K., & Husting, V. (2014): I just don't trust them: The development and validation of an assessment instrument to measure trust in science and scientists. School Science and Mathematics, Vol. 114, No. 2, pp. 76–86.
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Trust in Supervisor (McAllister)
An 11-item measure of trust in a supervisor with two subscales: cognition-based trust (6 items, judgments of competence and reliability) and affect-based trust (5 items, emotional bonds). The dominant interpersonal-trust measure in manageme…
Source: McAllister, D. J. (1995): Affect- and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 24–59.
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Trust in Supervisor (Robinson)
A 7-item measure of trust in immediate supervisor — confidence in supervisor's reliability and intent.
Source: Robinson, S. L., & Rousseau, D. M. (1994): Violating the psychological contract: Not the exception but the norm. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 245–259.
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Turnover intention (Cammann, Fichman, Jenkins & Klesh)
A 3-item measure from the Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire (MOAQ) that taps an employee's intention to leave the current employer. Items are rated on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree) and h…
Source: Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, G. D., & Klesh, J. (1979): The Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
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Turnover intention (Mobley, Horner & Hollingsworth)
A widely used 3-item measure of an employee's intention to leave the organization, capturing thinking of quitting, intention to search, and intention to quit. Items are rated on a 5-point or 7-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagr…
Source: Mobley, W. H., Horner, S. O., & Hollingsworth, A. T. (1978): An evaluation of precursors of hospital employee turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 408–414.
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Turnover Intention Scale (TIS-6, Bothma & Roodt)
A short-form 6-item version of the original 15-item Turnover Intention Scale (TIS-15), validated on a South African ICT sample (N = 2,429). The TIS-6 captures cognitive, affective, and behavioural facets of intention to leave and demonstrat…
Source: Bothma, C. F. C., & Roodt, G. (2013): The validation of the turnover intention scale. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 11, No. 1, Article 507.
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Type A Behavior (Jenkins Activity Survey)
A 52-item measure of Type A behavior pattern — competitive achievement-striving, time-urgency, and hostility. Predicts cardiovascular risk and work-related stress.
Source: Jenkins, C. D., Zyzanski, S. J., & Rosenman, R. H. (1979): Jenkins Activity Survey: JAS Manual. New York: Psychological Corporation.
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Type D Personality (DS14)
In medical research, personality traits are related to medial outcomes. For example, people with certain personality traits are more likely to suffer from heart and other cardiovascular illnesses. Johan Denollet (1957-2019) was a well-known…
Source: Denollet, J., Sys, S.U., Stroobant, N., Rombouts, H., Gillebert, T.C., & Brutsaert, D.L. (1996). Personality as independent predictor of long-term mortality in patients with coronary heart disease. The Lancet, 347, 417-421. Free link to full text | Denollet, J. (2005). DS14: Standard Assessment of Negative Affectivity, Social Inhibition, and Type D Personality. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67 , 89-97. Free link to PDF | Deary, I.J., Weiss, A., & Batty, G.D., 2010. Intelligence and Personality as Predictors of Illness and Death: How Researchers in Differential Psychology and Chronic Disease Epidemiology Are Collaborating to Understand and Address Health Inequalities. Psychological Science, 11(2), 53-79. Publisher link (behind paywall)
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UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3)
A 20-item measure of subjective feelings of loneliness and social isolation. Most cited loneliness measure in research.
Source: Russell, D. W. (1996): UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp. 20–40.
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Unconventionality (HEX: O-Unco))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Unconventionality" and target/key label "HEX: O-Unco)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Understanding (AB5C: II+/II+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Understanding" and target/key label "AB5C: II+/II+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviour (UPB, Umphress, Bingham & Mitchell)
A 6-item measure of unethical pro-organizational behaviour — actions performed by employees to benefit their organization, its members, or both, that violate core societal values, mores, laws, or standards of proper conduct. Items capture w…
Source: Umphress, E. E., Bingham, J. B., & Mitchell, M. S. (2010): Unethical behavior in the name of the company: The moderating effect of organizational identification and positive reciprocity beliefs on unethical pro-organizational behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 95, No. 4, pp. 769–780.
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Uniqueness
Survey items were developed from commonly accepted theoretical definitions and were partially influenced by the efforts of other researchers. The authors used past research to obtain general insights about the constructs as opposed to speci…
Source: Steensma/Corley (2000): On the performance of technology-sourcing partnerships: The interaction between partner interdependence and technology attributes. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 1045-1067.
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Unlikely Virtues (MPQ: UV))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Unlikely Virtues" and target/key label "MPQ: UV)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Unpretentiousness (6FPQ: IP2))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Unpretentiousness" and target/key label "6FPQ: IP2)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Unusual Beliefs (CAT-PD: Unusual Beliefs))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Unusual Beliefs" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Unusual Beliefs)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Unusual Experiences (CAT-PD: Unusual Experiences))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Unusual Experiences" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Unusual Experiences)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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UPB Short Form (Effelsberg, Solga & Gurt)
A 5-item short form of UPB validated in German and international samples, retaining the strongest indicators from Umphress et al. (2010) for survey-length-constrained designs.
Source: Effelsberg, D., Solga, M., & Gurt, J. (2014): Transformational leadership and follower's unethical behavior for the benefit of the company: A two-study investigation. Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 120, No. 1, pp. 81–93.
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Usefulness
Nearly all prior studies on the technology acceptance model (TAM) have used Likert scales to measure the model’s constructs. In the research a semantic differential scale was developed for the TAM components ease of use and usefulness. The …
Source: Chin et al. (2008): A Fast Form Approach to Measuring Technology Acceptance and Other Constructs. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 687-703.
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UTAUT2 (Venkatesh, Thong & Xu)
A 31-item measure of seven constructs predicting consumer technology acceptance: performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, price value, habit, and behavioural intention. The cu…
Source: Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y. L., & Xu, X. (2012): Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: Extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 157–178.
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Utility
A multidimensional measure of feedback orientation is developed and validated. This feedback orientation scale (FOS) was developed and refined using two pilot studies and two focal studies. Across these studies, substantial support was foun…
Source: Linderbaum/Levy (2010): The Development and Validation of the Feedback Orientation Scale (FOS). Journal of Management, Vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 1372-1405.
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Utility
Related management scale cross-referenced from the Feedback entry.
Source: Cross-reference in the Handbook of Management Scales entry for Feedback. Verify the original source before field use.
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Utrecht Student Engagement (UWES-9-S)
A 9-item adaptation of the UWES to student samples, with 3 items each for vigor, dedication, and absorption.
Source: Schaufeli, W. B., Martínez, I. M., Pinto, A. M., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002): Burnout and engagement in university students. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 33, No. 5, pp. 464–481.
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Vaccine Hesitancy Scale (VHS, WHO SAGE)
A 10-item measure of vaccine hesitancy across two factors: lack of confidence and risk perception. Used widely in COVID and routine-immunization research.
Source: Larson, H. J., Jarrett, C., Schulz, W. S., Chaudhuri, M., Zhou, Y., Dube, E., Schuster, M., MacDonald, N. E., & Wilson, R. (2015): Measuring vaccine hesitancy: The development of a survey tool. Vaccine, Vol. 33, No. 34, pp. 4165–4175.
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Valor/Bravery/Courage (VIA: Val))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Valor/Bravery/Courage" and target/key label "VIA: Val)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Value orientation
The authors follow a two-phased approach to develop multi-item scales that measure dimensions of service orientation in the context of business-to-business e-commerce. Service orientation was conceptualized as a third-order construct compri…
Source: Oliveira/Roth (2012): Service orientation: The derivation of underlying constructs and measures. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 156-190.
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Values in Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS)
A 240-item measure of 24 character strengths organized under 6 virtues (wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, transcendence). The classification underlying positive psychology's character-strengths research.
Source: Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004): Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification. Oxford University Press / American Psychological Association.
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Values Survey Module (VSM 2013, Hofstede)
A 30-item culture-survey instrument designed to compute six national-culture indices: Power Distance, Individualism, Masculinity, Uncertainty Avoidance, Long-Term Orientation, and Indulgence. Designed for cross-country comparison, not for i…
Source: Hofstede, G., & Minkov, M. (2013): Values Survey Module 2013 Manual. Geert Hofstede BV.
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Vancouver Index of Acculturation (VIA, Ryder, Alden & Paulhus)
A 20-item bidimensional measure of acculturation, with 10 parallel items each for heritage culture and mainstream culture. Treats acculturation as two independent dimensions, not a single continuum.
Source: Ryder, A. G., Alden, L. E., & Paulhus, D. L. (2000): Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? A head-to-head comparison in the prediction of personality, self-identity, and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 49–65.
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Varieties of Sadistic Tendencies (VAST)
Most people do not want to hurt other people, yet there are those that enjoy being cruel (i.e., sadism). Hence, it is a personality trait that deservers study (for an excellent overview, see Buckels et al., 2013 ). Note that Sadism refers t…
Source: D. L. Paulhus & D. N. Jones (2015). Measuring dark personalities via questionnaire. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp.562-594). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. | Buckels, E. E., Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). Behavioral confirmation of everyday sadism. Psychological Science, 24, 2201-2209. | Scale also available via Professor Paulhus's website .
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Variety-seeking (HPI: Experience-seeking HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Variety-seeking" and target/key label "HPI: Experience-seeking HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Variety-seeking (TCI: NS1))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Variety-seeking" and target/key label "TCI: NS1)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Vehicles, Interest in (ORAIS: Vehicles))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Vehicles, Interest in" and target/key label "ORAIS: Vehicles)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Visionary Leadership (Sashkin)
A 50-item measure of visionary leadership across personal characteristics and behaviours. Items capture vision communication, follower empowerment, and organizational culture-building.
Source: Sashkin, M. (1988): The visionary leader. In J. A. Conger & R. N. Kanungo (Eds.), Charismatic leadership (pp. 122–160). Jossey-Bass.
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Visual Analogue Mood Scales (VAMS)
Lots of psychological questionnaires and scales have many questions, but some have one or just a few. Visual Analogy Mood scales are commonly used and have a long history, although their data are not always well reported. One of the cleares…
Source: Killgore, W.D.S. (1999). The visual analogue mood scale: Can a single-item scale accurately classify depressive mood state? | Machado, L., Thompson, L.M., and Brett, C.H.R. (2019). Visual analogue mood scale scores in healthy young versus older adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 31(3) ,417-424. Link to publisher | van Rijsbergen, G.D., Bockting, C.L., Berking, M., Koeter, M.W.J., & Schene, A.H. (2012). Can a One-Item Mood Scale Do the Trick? Predicting Relapse over 5.5-Years in Recurrent Depression. _Plos One, 7(10), e46796. Open Access Link to article .
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Vitality/Enthusiasm/Zest (BFAS: Enthusiasm))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Vitality/Enthusiasm/Zest" and target/key label "BFAS: Enthusiasm)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Vitality/Enthusiasm/Zest (HPI: Identity HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Vitality/Enthusiasm/Zest" and target/key label "HPI: Identity HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Vitality/Enthusiasm/Zest (VIA: Zes))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Vitality/Enthusiasm/Zest" and target/key label "VIA: Zes)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Voice Behavior (Van Dyne & LePine)
A 6-item measure of promotive voice — the discretionary expression of constructive challenge, suggestions, and improvement-oriented ideas to people in a position to act, even when others disagree. Used extensively in proactivity and employe…
Source: Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A. (1998): Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 108–119.
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Voice Loudness (Liu, Tangirala & Ramanujam)
A multi-item measure of the strength/persistence of voice — how forcefully and repeatedly an employee raises an issue. Distinct from voice frequency.
Source: Liu, W., Tangirala, S., & Ramanujam, R. (2013): The relational antecedents of voice targeted at different leaders. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 98, No. 5, pp. 841–851.
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Voice Safety Climate
A multi-item measure of climate for safe voice — shared perception that speaking up is welcomed, listened to, and not punished.
Source: Detert, J. R., & Burris, E. R. (2007): Leadership behavior and employee voice: Is the door really open? Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 869–884.
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Vulnerability (NEO: N6))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Vulnerability" and target/key label "NEO: N6)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Warmth (16PF: A))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Warmth" and target/key label "16PF: A)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Warmth (AB5C: II+/I+))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Warmth" and target/key label "AB5C: II+/I+)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Warmth (IPIP-IPC: Warm-Agreeable))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Warmth" and target/key label "IPIP-IPC: Warm-Agreeable)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS)
A 14-item measure of positive mental well-being (eudaimonic and hedonic) over the past two weeks. Used in UK national surveys and workplace well-being audits. SWEMWBS is the 7-item short form.
Source: Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., Parkinson, J., Secker, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007): The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, Vol. 5, Article 63.
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Wasta (Arab connections / favouritism)
A multi-item measure of perceived 'wasta' — the use of personal connections to obtain favours, jobs, or expedite procedures in Arab and broader MENA contexts. Captures both benign social capital and corruption-adjacent favouritism.
Source: Hutchings, K., & Weir, D. (2006): Guanxi and wasta: A comparison. Thunderbird International Business Review, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 141–156.
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Wasta Perception (Aldossari & Robertson)
A multi-item measure of perceived prevalence and impact of wasta in one's organization — including hiring, promotion, and resource allocation.
Source: Aldossari, M., & Robertson, M. (2016): The role of wasta in repatriates' perceptions of a breach to the psychological contract: A Saudi Arabian case study. International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 27, No. 16, pp. 1854–1873.
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Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ, Folkman & Lazarus)
A 66-item measure of coping strategies in response to a specific stressor, organized into 8 subscales: confrontive coping, distancing, self-controlling, seeking social support, accepting responsibility, escape-avoidance, planful problem sol…
Source: Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988): Manual for the Ways of Coping Questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
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Whistleblowing Climate
A multi-item measure of organizational climate for whistleblowing — protection of whistleblowers, formal channels, and retaliation prevention.
Source: Miceli, M. P., Near, J. P., & Dworkin, T. M. (2008): Whistle-blowing in organizations. Routledge.
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Whistleblowing Intention
A multi-item measure of intention to report observed wrongdoing through internal or external channels, distinguishing between formal whistleblowing and informal voice. Used widely in ethics, governance, and accounting research.
Source: Park, H., & Blenkinsopp, J. (2009): Whistleblowing as planned behavior — A survey of South Korean police officers. Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 545–556.
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Willingness to transact
Two surveys were conducted (online retailing company Amazon and online banking division [OBD]), to ensure adequate levels of reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and nomological validity for a trust scale. Familiarity an…
Source: Bhattacherjee (2002): Individual Trust in Online Firms: Scale Development and Initial Test. Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 211–241. Previously used by: Jarvenpaa et al. (2000).
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Wisdom/Perspective (VIA: Per))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Wisdom/Perspective" and target/key label "VIA: Per)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Withdrawal cognitions
A 3-item composite of thinking about quitting, intention to search, and intention to quit derived from the classic Mobley withdrawal-cognitions sequence. Used as the strongest cognitive predictor of voluntary turnover in meta-analyses (Grif…
Source: Hom, P. W., & Griffeth, R. W. (1991): Structural equations modeling test of a turnover theory: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 76, No. 3, pp. 350–366.
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Within-Group Agreement (r_wg(j))
An interrater-agreement index used to justify aggregating individual responses to a group/unit level. Compares observed variance to expected variance under a null distribution. rwg ≥ 0.70 commonly used as threshold.
Source: James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. (1984): Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 85–98.
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Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale (WLEIS)
A 16-item measure of emotional intelligence with four subscales: self-emotion appraisal, others' emotion appraisal, regulation of emotion, and use of emotion. Designed for organizational research.
Source: Wong, C.-S., & Law, K. S. (2002): The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 243–274.
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Word of mouth
A previously used scale by Maxham & Netemeyer (2002) was adapted to measure word of mouth.
Source: Walsh & Beatty (2007): Customer-based Corporate Reputation of a Service Firm: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 127-143.
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Word of Mouth (e-WOM, Goyette, Ricard, Bergeron & Marticotte)
A 12-item measure of e-WOM across three dimensions: WOM intensity, positive valence, and content. Designed for online word-of-mouth in social media, review sites, and digital communities.
Source: Goyette, I., Ricard, L., Bergeron, J., & Marticotte, F. (2010): e-WOM scale: Word-of-mouth measurement scale for e-services context. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 5–23.
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Work Addiction Risk Test (WART)
A 25-item measure of work addiction risk across five facets: compulsive tendencies, control, impaired communication, self-absorption, and work-life impairment.
Source: Robinson, B. E. (1999): The Work Addiction Risk Test: Development of a tentative measure of workaholism. Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol. 88, No. 1, pp. 199–210.
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Work and Meaning Inventory (WAMI, Steger, Dik & Duffy)
A 10-item measure of meaningful work across three dimensions: positive meaning in work, meaning making through work, and greater good motivations. Used widely in positive-OB research.
Source: Steger, M. F., Dik, B. J., & Duffy, R. D. (2012): Measuring meaningful work: The Work and Meaning Inventory (WAMI). Journal of Career Assessment, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 322–337.
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Work Engagement (UWES-3, Schaufeli, Shimazu, Hakanen, Salanova & De Witte)
A 3-item ultra-short version of the UWES with one item per dimension (vigor, dedication, absorption). Designed for diary studies, panel surveys, and other length-constrained settings.
Source: Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A., Hakanen, J., Salanova, M., & De Witte, H. (2019): An ultra-short measure for work engagement: The UWES-3. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 577–591.
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Work Engagement (UWES-9)
A 9-item short form of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale measuring vigor, dedication, and absorption — the three facets of work engagement defined by Schaufeli and Bakker. Items are rated on a 7-point frequency scale (0 = never to 6 = alway…
Source: Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006): The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 66, No. 4, pp. 701–716.
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Work Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Scale (WEIMS)
An 18-item measure of work motivation along the SDT continuum: intrinsic motivation, identified, introjected, external regulation, and amotivation.
Source: Tremblay, M. A., Blanchard, C. M., Taylor, S., Pelletier, L. G., & Villeneuve, M. (2009): Work Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Scale: Its value for organizational psychology research. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 213–226.
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Work Goal Orientation Short (3 facets)
A 13-item measure of three goal-orientation dimensions in work: learning, prove-performance, and avoid-performance. Already in atlas as full version; this is a brief alternative for diary studies.
Source: VandeWalle, D. (1997): Development and validation of a work domain goal orientation instrument. Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 995–1015.
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Work Pace / Intensity
A multi-item measure of perceived work pace and intensity — speed of work, time pressure, and cognitive demand.
Source: Karasek, R. A. (1979): Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 285–308.
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Work Regulatory Focus Scale (Neubert et al.)
An 18-item measure of regulatory focus in the work context, measuring promotion and prevention focus oriented to work-related goals and outcomes.
Source: Neubert, M. J., Kacmar, K. M., Carlson, D. S., Chonko, L. B., & Roberts, J. A. (2008): Regulatory focus as a mediator of the influence of initiating structure and servant leadership on employee behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 93, No. 6, pp. 1220–1233.
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Work-Life Balance (Hayman)
A 15-item measure of work-life balance across three dimensions: work interference with personal life, personal life interference with work, and work/personal life enhancement.
Source: Hayman, J. (2005): Psychometric assessment of an instrument designed to measure work life balance. Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 85–91.
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Work-Related Flow Inventory (WOLF, Bakker)
A 13-item measure of flow at work — a short-term peak experience of absorption, work enjoyment, and intrinsic motivation. Distinct from engagement, which is more enduring.
Source: Bakker, A. B. (2008): The work-related flow inventory: Construction and initial validation of the WOLF. Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 400–414.
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Workaholism (CAT-PD: Workaholism))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Workaholism" and target/key label "CAT-PD: Workaholism)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Workaholism (DUWAS, Schaufeli, Shimazu & Taris)
A 10-item Dutch Work Addiction Scale measuring two dimensions: working excessively (WE, behavioural) and working compulsively (WC, cognitive). Captures the negative compulsion side of intense work, in contrast to engagement.
Source: Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A., & Taris, T. W. (2009): Being driven to work excessively hard: The evaluation of a two-factor measure of workaholism in the Netherlands and Japan. Cross-Cultural Research, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 320–348.
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Worker expertise
The article examines three factors of intellectual capital: Worker expertise, information sharing quality, and team psychological safety.
Source: Lee et al. (2011): The roles of worker expertise, information sharing quality, and psychological safety in manufacturing process innovation: An intellectual capital perspective. Production and Operations Management, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 556–570
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Workgroup Identification (Doosje, Ellemers & Spears)
A 4-item measure of identification with a specific workgroup or team, distinct from organizational identification. Used widely in social-identity OB research.
Source: Doosje, B., Ellemers, N., & Spears, R. (1995): Perceived intragroup variability as a function of group status and identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 410–436.
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Working Alliance Inventory-Short Revised (WAI-SR)
A 12-item measure of the therapeutic alliance between client and therapist across three subscales: bond, goals, and tasks.
Source: Hatcher, R. L., & Gillaspy, J. A. (2006): Development and validation of a revised short version of the Working Alliance Inventory. Psychotherapy Research, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 12–25.
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Workplace AI Literacy
A multi-item measure of AI literacy specific to workplace contexts — recognizing AI tools, using them effectively, evaluating outputs, and applying them ethically.
Source: Pinski, M., & Benlian, A. (2024): AI literacy — towards measuring human competency in artificial intelligence. Proceedings of HICSS 2024, pp. 165–174.
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Workplace Deviance (Bennett & Robinson)
A 19-item measure of voluntary behaviour that violates significant organizational norms and threatens the well-being of the organization (organizational deviance, 12 items) or its members (interpersonal deviance, 7 items). Items use a 7-poi…
Source: Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000): Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 85, No. 3, pp. 349–360.
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Workplace Discrimination Perceptions
A multi-item measure of perceived workplace discrimination based on demographic identity (e.g., race, gender, age, religion). Captures both subtle and overt discriminatory experiences.
Source: James, K., Lovato, C., & Khoo, G. (1994): Social identity correlates of minority workers' health. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 383–396.
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Workplace Dishonesty (Ariely-style behavioural measure)
A behavioural paradigm and self-report scale for measuring everyday dishonesty at work — minor cheating, expense padding, time theft, and inflated reporting. Adapted from Ariely's lab paradigms to organizational contexts.
Source: Mazar, N., Amir, O., & Ariely, D. (2008): The dishonesty of honest people: A theory of self-concept maintenance. Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 45, No. 6, pp. 633–644.
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Workplace Envy (Vecchio)
A multi-item measure of envy at work — feelings of resentment toward coworkers' advantages. Predicts social undermining and CWB.
Source: Vecchio, R. P. (2000): Negative emotion in the workplace: Employee jealousy and envy. International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 161–179.
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Workplace Flexibility Climate
A multi-item measure of organizational climate for workplace flexibility — perceived organizational support for flexible work arrangements.
Source: Lambert, A. D., Marler, J. H., & Gueutal, H. G. (2008): Individual differences: Factors affecting employee utilization of flexible work arrangements. Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 107–117.
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Workplace Flourishing (Diener-adapted)
An 8-item adaptation of Diener's Flourishing Scale to the work domain — purpose, social support at work, work engagement, optimism, and self-respect.
Source: Hone, L. C., Jarden, A., Schofield, G. M., & Duncan, S. (2014): Measuring flourishing: The impact of operational definitions on the prevalence of high levels of wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 62–90.
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Workplace Forgiveness (Aquino et al.)
A multi-item measure of workplace forgiveness — releasing resentment and revenge motivation toward an offending coworker.
Source: Aquino, K., Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (2006): Getting even or moving on? Power, procedural justice, and types of offense as predictors of revenge, forgiveness, reconciliation, and avoidance in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 91, No. 3, pp. 653–668.
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Workplace Forgiveness Climate
A multi-item measure of organizational climate for forgiveness — shared perception that wrongs are addressed constructively rather than through revenge or grudges.
Source: Cox, S. S. (2008): A forgiving workplace: An investigation of forgiveness climate, individual differences and workplace outcomes. Dissertation, Louisiana State University.
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Workplace Friendship Scale (WFS, Nielsen Jex Adams)
A 12-item measure of workplace friendship across two dimensions: friendship opportunity (chance to develop friendships) and friendship prevalence (existence of friendships).
Source: Nielsen, I. K., Jex, S. M., & Adams, G. A. (2000): Development and validation of scores on a two-dimensional workplace friendship scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 628–643.
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Workplace Gossip Scale
A 10-item measure of negative workplace gossip — informal, unverified, evaluative talk about absent third parties. Predicts trust loss and exclusion.
Source: Chandra, G., & Robinson, S. L. (2010): They're talking about me again: The impact of being the target of gossip on emotional distress and withdrawal. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings.
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Workplace Happiness (Fisher)
A multi-item measure of workplace happiness — broader than job satisfaction, capturing positive affect, engagement, and meaning at work.
Source: Fisher, C. D. (2010): Happiness at work. International Journal of Management Reviews, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 384–412.
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Workplace Hostility Questionnaire-Short
A 13-item measure of exposure to workplace hostility — a short form of NAQ-R covering work-related, person-related, and physically intimidating acts.
Source: Notelaers, G., & Einarsen, S. (2013): The world turns at 33 and 45: Defining simple cutoff scores for the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 670–682.
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Workplace Incivility Scale (Cortina, Magley, Williams & Langhout)
A 7-item measure of low-intensity deviant workplace behaviours that violate norms of mutual respect — rude, condescending, or dismissive treatment by coworkers. Predicts reduced satisfaction, well-being, and increased turnover.
Source: Cortina, L. M., Magley, V. J., Williams, J. H., & Langhout, R. D. (2001): Incivility in the workplace: Incidence and impact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 64–80.
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Workplace Incivility Short Form (3-item)
A 3-item ultra-short workplace incivility measure for diary studies and panel surveys.
Source: Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. J. (2009): Patterns and profiles of response to incivility in the workplace. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 272–288.
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Workplace Loneliness (WLS, Wright et al.)
A 16-item measure of loneliness specifically in the workplace, distinct from general loneliness. Captures emotional deprivation and lack of social companionship at work.
Source: Wright, S. L., Burt, C. D. B., & Strongman, K. T. (2006): Loneliness in the workplace: Construct definition and scale development. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 59–68.
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Workplace Microaggressions
A multi-item measure of perceived workplace microaggressions — brief, often unintentional verbal, behavioural, or environmental indignities communicating hostile, derogatory, or negative racial/gender slights toward marginalized group membe…
Source: Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007): Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 271–286.
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Workplace Mistreatment Exposure (Lim, Cortina & Magley)
A 12-item self-report measure of exposure to incivility, harassment, and bullying at work. Useful when researchers need a single mistreatment exposure index across multiple sub-types.
Source: Lim, S., Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. J. (2008): Personal and workgroup incivility: Impact on work and health outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 93, No. 1, pp. 95–107.
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Workplace Nostalgia
A multi-item measure of workplace-targeted nostalgia — fond longing for past times at one's organization.
Source: Leunissen, J. M., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Cohen, T. R. (2018): Organizational nostalgia lowers turnover intentions by increasing work meaning: The moderating role of burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 44–57.
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Workplace Ostracism (Ferris et al.)
A 10-item measure of the extent to which an employee perceives that he or she is ignored or excluded by others at work. Captures a distinct form of mistreatment that lacks overt aggression but produces similar psychological harm.
Source: Ferris, D. L., Brown, D. J., Berry, J. W., & Lian, H. (2008): The development and validation of the Workplace Ostracism Scale. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 93, No. 6, pp. 1348–1366.
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Workplace Ostracism Short (Lustenberger & Jagacinski)
A 10-item adapted version of Ferris et al.'s WOS, suitable for diary studies and brief organizational surveys.
Source: Lustenberger, D. E., & Jagacinski, C. M. (2010): Exploring the effects of ostracism on performance and intrinsic motivation. Human Performance, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 283–304.
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Workplace Politeness Scale
A multi-item measure of perceived politeness in workplace interactions — courtesy, respect, and considerate communication. Bright-side counterpart to incivility.
Source: Pearson, C. M., Andersson, L. M., & Wegner, J. W. (2001): When workers flout convention: A study of workplace incivility. Human Relations, Vol. 54, No. 11, pp. 1387–1419.
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Workplace Pride (Helm)
A multi-item measure of pride in working for one's organization — feeling honored, satisfied, and identifying positively with the employer.
Source: Helm, S. (2013): A matter of reputation and pride: Associations between perceived external reputation, pride in membership, job satisfaction and turnover intentions. British Journal of Management, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 542–556.
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Workplace Schadenfreude
A multi-item measure of schadenfreude — pleasure derived from coworkers' misfortunes at work. Linked to envy and competitive climates.
Source: Smith, R. H., Powell, C. A. J., Combs, D. J. Y., & Schurtz, D. R. (2009): Exploring the when and why of schadenfreude. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 530–546.
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Workplace Spirituality (Ashmos & Duchon)
A 21-item measure of workplace spirituality across three dimensions: inner life, meaningful work, and community at work. Used widely in HRM-spirituality research, including MENA contexts.
Source: Ashmos, D. P., & Duchon, D. (2000): Spirituality at work: A conceptualization and measure. Journal of Management Inquiry, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 134–145.
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Workplace Status Concern
A multi-item measure of concern about one's status at work — sensitivity to status comparisons, status-driven behaviours, and workplace prestige.
Source: Anderson, C., Hildreth, J. A. D., & Howland, L. (2015): Is the desire for status a fundamental human motive? Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 141, No. 3, pp. 574–601.
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Workplace Tightness-Looseness
A multi-item measure of perceived tightness or looseness of norms within an organization — strictness of rules, tolerance of deviance, and behavioral predictability.
Source: Aktas, M., Gelfand, M. J., & Hanges, P. J. (2016): Cultural tightness-looseness and perceptions of effective leadership. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 294–309.
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Workplace Trust Climate
A multi-item measure of unit- or organization-level trust climate — shared perception that trust is high among coworkers and between coworkers and management.
Source: Mayer, R. C., & Gavin, M. B. (2005): Trust in management and performance: Who minds the shop while the employees watch the boss? Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 874–888.
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Workplace Vitality (SVS-W adaptation)
A 7-item adaptation of Ryan & Frederick's Subjective Vitality Scale to the workplace — feeling alive and energized at work.
Source: Kark, R., & Carmeli, A. (2009): Alive and creating: The mediating role of vitality and aliveness in the relationship between psychological safety and creative work involvement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 785–804.
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Workplace Wellbeing Index
A multi-item composite measure of workplace wellbeing combining job satisfaction, engagement, eudaimonic meaning, and absence of strain.
Source: Page, K. M., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2009): The 'what', 'why' and 'how' of employee well-being: A new model. Social Indicators Research, Vol. 90, No. 3, pp. 441–458.
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Work–Family Conflict and Family–Work Conflict (Netemeyer et al.)
A 10-item measure capturing two directions of inter-role conflict: work-to-family conflict (WFC, 5 items) and family-to-work conflict (FWC, 5 items). The most cited bidirectional WFC measure in HRM and family-research literatures.
Source: Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., & McMurrian, R. (1996): Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 81, No. 4, pp. 400–410.
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Work–Family Enrichment (Carlson, Kacmar, Wayne & Grzywacz)
An 18-item measure of bidirectional enrichment between work and family roles, with three subscales in each direction (development, affect, capital for WFE; development, affect, efficiency for FWE). Captures the positive spillover side of th…
Source: Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., Wayne, J. H., & Grzywacz, J. G. (2006): Measuring the positive side of the work–family interface: Development and validation of a work–family enrichment scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 131–164.
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Work–Home Boundary Management (Kreiner)
A multi-item measure of work–home segmentation/integration preferences and tactics, including physical, behavioural, communicative, and temporal boundaries. Used widely in remote-work and work–life research.
Source: Kreiner, G. E. (2006): Consequences of work–home segmentation or integration: A person–environment fit perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 485–507.
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Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS)
A 10-item clinician-rated severity measure of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Standard outcome measure in OCD treatment research.
Source: Goodman, W. K., Price, L. H., Rasmussen, S. A., Mazure, C., Fleischmann, R. L., Hill, C. L., Heninger, G. R., & Charney, D. S. (1989): The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: I. Development, use, and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 46, No. 11, pp. 1006–1011.
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Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS)
An 11-item clinician-rated measure of manic symptoms used widely in bipolar disorder trials. Scoring weighted toward content, irritability, speech, thought, and disruptive behavior.
Source: Young, R. C., Biggs, J. T., Ziegler, V. E., & Meyer, D. A. (1978): A rating scale for mania: Reliability, validity and sensitivity. British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 133, No. 5, pp. 429–435.
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Zest/Vitality/Enthusiasm (BFAS: Enthusiasm))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Zest/Vitality/Enthusiasm" and target/key label "BFAS: Enthusiasm)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Zest/Vitality/Enthusiasm (HPI: Identity HIC))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Zest/Vitality/Enthusiasm" and target/key label "HPI: Identity HIC)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Zest/Vitality/Enthusiasm (VIA: Zes))
Public-domain IPIP personality scale mapped to the construct label "Zest/Vitality/Enthusiasm" and target/key label "VIA: Zes)".
Source: International Personality Item Pool. Official IPIP index of scale labels and item-assignment table. General citations include Goldberg (1999) and Goldberg et al. (2006), Journal of Research in Personality.
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Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI)
A 56-item measure of five time perspectives: past-positive, past-negative, present-hedonistic, present-fatalistic, and future. Predicts goal-pursuit, well-being, and risk behaviour.
Source: Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999): Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 77, No. 6, pp. 1271–1288.
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Zuckerman–Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (Shortened, ZKPQ-50-CC)
The shortened version of the ZKPQ (50 items) has been validated ( Aluja et al., 2006 ), and you can find the original article and further information here . The ZKPQ distinguishes the following 5 personality factors (abbreviation in parenth…
Source: Aluja, A., Rossier, J., García, L. F., Angleitner, A., Kuhlman, M., & Zuckerman, M. (2006). A cros-cultural shortened form of the ZKPQ (ZKPQ-50-c) adapted to English, French, German, and Spanish languages. Personality and Individual Differences, 41 , 619-628. | Zuckerman, M., Kuhlman, D. M., Teta, P., Joireman, J., & Kraft, M. (1993). A comparison of three structural models of personality: the big three, the big five, and the alternative five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65 , 757-768.