Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND)
Psychology: Health & SleepReliability: alpha 0.613 sample items
About this scale
A 6-item measure of physical dependence on nicotine — quantity, time-to-first-cigarette, and difficulty refraining. The most cited brief nicotine-dependence instrument.
Sample item(s)
“How soon after you wake up do you smoke your first cigarette?”
“Do you find it difficult to refrain from smoking in places where it is forbidden?”
“How many cigarettes per day do you smoke?”
Reliability
Reported internal consistency: alpha 0.61. As a rule of thumb, Cronbach’s α ≥ .70 is considered acceptable, ≥ .80 good, and ≥ .90 excellent for established measures.
Notes
Free for academic use.
Source & citation
Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerström, K. O. (1991): The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: A revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, Vol. 86, No. 9, pp. 1119–1127.
Source. Scale details are summarised from the publication cited above. Always consult the original source for the full item set, scoring, and permission to use.
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