Total Quality Management (TQM)
OperationsReliability: alpha 0.864 sample items
About this scale
A multi-item measure of TQM practices: leadership, strategic planning, customer focus, employee involvement, continuous improvement, and information analysis.
Sample item(s)
“Top management leads quality improvement (leadership)”
“We have a long-term quality strategy (strategic)”
“We measure customer satisfaction regularly (customer focus)”
“All employees are involved in quality (employee involvement)”
Reliability
Reported internal consistency: alpha 0.86. As a rule of thumb, Cronbach’s α ≥ .70 is considered acceptable, ≥ .80 good, and ≥ .90 excellent for established measures.
Notes
Foundational TQM measure.
Source & citation
Powell, T. C. (1995): Total quality management as competitive advantage: A review and empirical study. Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 15–37.
Source. Scale details are summarised from the publication cited above. Always consult the original source for the full item set, scoring, and permission to use.
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