STARA Awareness (Smart Technology, AI, Robotics & Algorithms)
HR & WorkReliability: alpha 0.914 sample items
About this scale
A 4-item measure of an employee's awareness that smart technology, AI, robotics, and algorithms could replace tasks in their job and career. Predicts cynicism, depression, turnover intention, and reduced career satisfaction.
Sample item(s)
“I am personally worried that what I do now in my job will be able to be replaced by STARA.”
“I am personally worried that STARA could substantially change my job in the future.”
“I am personally worried that my job will be replaced by STARA.”
“I am personally worried about my future in my industry due to STARA replacing employees.”
Reliability
Reported internal consistency: alpha 0.91. As a rule of thumb, Cronbach’s α ≥ .70 is considered acceptable, ≥ .80 good, and ≥ .90 excellent for established measures.
Notes
Most cited HRM-context AI/robotic threat scale; widely replicated in 2020–2025 studies.
Source & citation
Brougham, D., & Haar, J. (2018): Smart technology, artificial intelligence, robotics, and algorithms (STARA): Employees' perceptions of our future workplace. Journal of Management & Organization, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 239–257.
Brougham & Haar (2018): STARA awareness. JMO, 24(2), 239–257.
Source. Scale details are summarised from the publication cited above. Always consult the original source for the full item set, scoring, and permission to use.
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